Abstract: Carbon-hydrogen insertion reactions involve the insertion of a carbene‚ a neutral carbon atom or molecule with two unpaired valence electrons‚ into an unactivated carbon-hydrogen bond. This reaction produces many commercially valuable compounds. The reaction itself involves the use of diazocarbonyl compounds which contain an N2 ligand on a carbon alpha to a carbonyl. The reaction is thermodynamically favourable as it involves the release of nitrogen gas. The carbon hydrogen bond is extremely
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copper(II) chloride solution‚ CuCl2(aq). Add the precut piece of aluminum wire to the test tube. (The wire should be bent like a fish hook to hook over the top of the test tube.) Place the test tube in a cold water bath. This reaction is very fast! (Instead‚ your teacher may tell you to run cold water over the outside of the test tube. Be sure to use a test tube holder to hold the test tube since the reaction gives off considerable heat.) The products forming in this step are hydrogen gas‚ H2(g)
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charge and some have a positive charge. Citric Acid Citric acid is a weak organic acid with the molecular formula C6H8O7‚ which means a molecule of the acid contains six carbon atoms‚ eight hydrogen atoms‚ and seven oxygen atoms. When it is dissolved in water‚ it partially ionizes to yield three H+ ions (hydrogen atoms which are missing their electron) and a C6H5O7(3-) ion (the 3- means that it has three extra electrons.) The resulting solution is called an "electrolyte." Citric acid is an acid; albeit
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Formation of hydrogen molecule (H2) Formation of Hydrogen. Atomic Number of H = 1 Electronic configuration of H = 1 Valence electron of H = 1 Hydrogen forms duet‚ to obtain stable configuration. This configuration is similar to helium (a noble gas). Since‚ hydrogen has one electron in its valence shell‚ so it requires one more electron to form a duet. So‚ in the formation of hydrogen molecule; one electron from each of the hydrogen atoms is shared. Formation of hydrogen chloride (HCl):
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Chapter 10 Practice Test: 1) How do you make a proton out of a hydrogen atom? E) remove an electron from a hydrogen atom 2) What is an acid? E) anything that donates hydrogen ions 3) What is a base? D) anything that accepts a hydrogen ion 4) What best describes what happens when an acid such as HCl is mixed with water? B) The proton chemically bonded to the chlorine is transferred to a water molecule and forms a chloride ion and a hydronium ion. 5) According to the following reaction‚ which
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1 (a) In this apparatus hydrochloric acid is decomposed by passing a direct electric current through it. Chlorine and hydrogen are formed. (i) Give the name of this process in which substances‚ such as hydrochloric acid‚ are decomposed by a direct electric current. (1) electrolysis (ii) Describe what happens when a burning splint is applied to a mixture of hydrogen and air in a test tube. (2) (b) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. An acid
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Erlenmeyer flask while it was submerged in cold water? What are the possible sources of errors in this experiment? B. Graham’s Law of Diffusion Distance Travelled by Ammonia in cm (dNH3) | | Distance Travelled by Hydrogen Chloride in cm (dHCl) | | Molar Mass of Hydrogen Chloride in g/mole (MHCl) | | Experimental Molar Mass of Ammonia in g/mole (MNH3) | | True Molar Mass of Ammonia in g/mole (MNH3) | | Percent Error | | Show the computations for the following: 1. Experimental
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2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- ⎯→ 10CO2 + 8H2O + 2Mn2+ Notes: 1. Mn2+ is colourless 2. In the reaction‚ the purple colour of the solution turns into colourless. MnO4-: Manganate(VII) ion (Purple) Mn2+: Manganese(II) ion colourless Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide 2H2O2 - ⎯→ 2H2O + O2 Catalyst: manganese(IV) oxide(MnO2)‚ Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3)‚ silver (Ag) Haber Process (Manufacture Ammonia) N2 + 3H2 ⎯→ 2NH3 (More detail in Form 4 Chapter 9) Contact Process(Manufacture Sulphuric Acid)
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Q. 1. During the electrolysis of molten lead bromide‚ which of the following takes place : A : Bromine is released at the cathode. B: Lead is deposited at the anode. C : Bromine ions gain electrons. D: Lead is deposited at the cathode. Ans : - D. Q. 2. Here is an electrode reaction : Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-. [i.e. Cu- 2e- →Cu2+]. At which electrode(anode or cathode) would such a reaction take place. Is this an example of oxidation or reduction. Ans : - At anode. Oxidation. Q. 3. A solution contains
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is added to sodium metal to make sodium chloride‚ the sodium has donated an electron and the chlorine has accepted an electron to become a chloride ion or an attached chlorine. If a compound divides into elements in a decomposition‚ a decomposition reaction could be a redox reaction. The electrolysis of water is a redox reaction. With a direct electric current through it‚ water can be separated into oxygen and hydrogen. H2O H2 + O2 The oxygen and hydrogen in the water are attached by a covalent
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