S/0380/48‚ CAS Number:8047-15-2) were powdered and analyzed as potassium bromide (KBr) pellets using FTIR (Model-JASCO FT/IR 4100 LE‚ made in Japan; Range: 4000-400 cm-1) Prabhu et al. (2013). Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis: Acid hydrolysis of saponin was carried out according to the method described by Metwally et al. (2012) with some modification. Saponin was hydrolyzed with 2 N HCL (6 hr at 100 o C) under reflux‚ the residue was evaporated and the mixture was dissolved in water
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excellent solvent for the cell? What is stepwise polymerization? Know the four major macromolecules and their roles in cell biology Know the proper subunits of each macromolecule (i.e. sugar subunits form polysaccharides). What are condensation and hydrolysis reactions? Which is considered anabolic? Catabolic? ATP and NADH are examples of……? What is the difference between strict and assisted self-assembly. Lecture 5 Know the different non-covalent interactions/bonds involved in protein stabilization
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Common Introduction: -Beer-Lambert Law found by Beer August and Johann Heinrich Lambert is the linear relationship between the attenuation of light and concentration of the material through which the light is travelling. It states the absorbance is proportional to the concentration when a parallel beam of monochromatic radiation of equal pathlength is passing through a homogenous concentration. A=εbc‚ where A is absorbance‚ ε is molar absorptivity (L molˉ1cmˉ1)‚ b is the pathlength (1cm) and c
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The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes Enzymes are Effective Biological Catalyst Catalysis- speeds up metabolism to allow production of products. Enzymes- Highly specific and most efficient catalyst that speeds up metabolism or rate of reaction in organisms by factor up to 10^20 (globular proteins) Nonenzymatic catalyst- enhance by 10^2 -10^4 Ribozymes- acts for catalytic activity in RNA’s Kinetics versus Thermodynamics Standard free energy change- difference between the energies of the reactants
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Citrate Test: Some bacteria can use citrate as a source of carbon. To test if the unknown bacteria uses citrate as a source of carbon‚ Simmon’s citrate agar was used as the medium on which the bacteria was grown. The Simmon’s citrate agar consists of sodium citrate as the source of carbon‚ ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as the source of nitrogen along with pH indicator such as bromothymol blue. Procedure: The Citratase activity was detected by inoculating the unknown bacteria on the slant surface
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undergo glycosylation by adding saccharides and phosphorylation by adding phosphate through the actions of threonine kinase (New World Encyclopedia‚ 2015). B. Protein Structure C. Peptide bond through dehydration D. Peptide bond broken through hydrolysis E. Four forces that stabilize tertiary protein structure The tertiary structure is the last shape formation that a protein undergoes and is determined by the various interactions that occur involving the variable R-group of each amino acid.
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Enzyme applications 1. Detergents Bacterial proteinases are still the most important detergent enzymes. Lipases decompose fats into more water-soluble compounds. Amylases are used in detergents to remove starch based stains. 2. Starch hydrolysis and fructose production The use of starch degrading enzymes was the first large scale application of microbial enzymes in food industry. Mainly two enzymes carry out conversion of starch to glucose: alpha-amylase and fungal enzymes. Fructose produced
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5 cm-1)‚ Sp2 C-H (3000 cm-1). The carbonyl peaks prove the presence of an acid anhydride. H’NMR (CDCL3) 6.287ppm (t‚ 2H)‚ 3.674ppm (m‚ 2H)‚ 3.483ppm (m‚ 2H)‚ 1.697ppm (m‚ 2H). 13C NMR (CDCL3) 172.291‚ 135.913‚ 53.109‚ 47.572‚ 46.288. Next‚ hydrolysis of the anhydride took place. The anhydride was combined with distilled water in a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask and heated. After twenty minutes the solid is partially dissolved and removed from the hot plate. The solution sits at room temperature
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polymer backbones confer biodegradability. Biodegradability can‚ therefore‚ be engineered into polymers by the judicious addition of chemical linkages such as anhydride‚ ester‚ or amide bonds‚ among others. The usual mechanism for degradation is by hydrolysis or enzymatic cleavage of the labile heteroatom bonds‚ resulting in a scission of the polymer backbone. Macroorganisms can eat and‚ sometimes‚ digest polymers‚ and also initiate a mechanical‚ chemical‚ or enzymatic aging. Biodegradable polymers
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62%. Gummy bears are made up of a mixture of sugar and glucose syrup along with citric acid and gelatin. Citric acid is an organic acid to add a sour taste to food and drinks. Gelatin is a mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin. Therefore‚ the salt water entered the blue gummy bear and mixed up with the sugar and glucose syrup leaving it small and hard. The orange gummy bear increased in size and mass because the water entered the body
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