assay can be used. In this screening‚ congo red clearing zone assay is performed on 9 unknown fungi isolates on CMC media. Cellulose degradation and its subsequent utilizations are important for global carbon sources (Ponnambalam et al.‚ 2011). The hydrolysis of cellulose has become an interesting research and industrial research since it is one of the renewable source for bioconversion (Bai et al.‚ 2012). Cellulose will be degraded into glucose and then further used for the production of subsequent
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CH3OH + CO → HCO2CH3 In industry‚ this reaction is performed in the liquid phase at elevated pressure. Typical reaction conditions are 80 °C and 40 atm. The most widely-used base is sodium methoxide. Hydrolysis of the methyl formate produces formic acid: HCO2CH3 + H2O → HCO2H + CH3OH Efficient hydrolysis of methyl formate requires a large excess of water. Some routes proceed indirectly by first treating the methyl formate with ammonia to give formamide‚ which is then hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid:
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lowering the pH (between 5.5 and 3.6)‚ while the viscosity of samples with pH below 3.5 decreased further than that of the control (pH ) 6.3). Citric acid promoted the collapse of starch granules; however‚ adding excessive citric acid led to the hydrolysis of glucose chains. No decrease in the viscoelasticity was observed for cornstarch pastes by adding acid at 25 °C after gelatinization. KEYWORDS: Cornstarch; viscoelasticity; citric acid; pH INTRODUCTION Starch has been widely used as a thickener
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Difco & BBL Manual Manual of Microbiological Culture Media Second Edition Editors Mary Jo Zimbro‚ B.S.‚ MT (ASCP) David A. Power‚ Ph.D. Sharon M. Miller‚ B.S.‚ MT (ASCP) George E. Wilson‚ MBA‚ B.S.‚ MT (ASCP) Julie A. Johnson‚ B.A. BD Diagnostics – Diagnostic Systems 7 Loveton Circle Sparks‚ MD 21152 Copyright 2009 Becton‚ Dickinson and Company 7 Loveton Circle P.O. Box 999 Sparks‚ Maryland 21152 ISBN 0-9727207-1-5 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America AOAC
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EXP-10 CHEM 233L SYNTHESIS OF p-BROMOANILINE Introduction: In this experiment‚ p-bromoaniline was synthesized in three steps starting from aniline. Since the amino group of aniline is a strong activator of aromatic ring‚ direct bromination is impractical (equation 1). In order to make a desired product‚ amino group needed to be protected as the acetamide which also maintained ortho and para position but slowed down the rate of reaction (equation 2). Slow reaction rate would increase
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Shier‚ Butler‚ and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology‚ 10th ed. Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism I. Metabolic Processes A. Introduction 1. Metabolism is the sum total of chemical reactions within cells. 2. In metabolic reactions‚ the product of one reaction serves as starting materials for another metabolic reaction. 3. This chapter explores how metabolic pathways supply a cell with energy and how other biochemical
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Experiment 4 – Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Aim To study the effects of temperature on the activity of amylase enzyme on starch solution. Introduction Enzymes are widely known as biological catalyst. Almost all cellular reactions are controlled and guarded by enzymes. Virtually every metabolic reaction which takes place within a living organisms are catalyzed by enzymes. Enzymes are complex three-dimensional globular proteins. Some of the enzymes are built up off proteins and
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V. HAZADOUS WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS Presently‚ the hazardous waste treatment technologies are highly developed from the decade before due to the more environmental and ecosystem concerning. Moreover‚ hazardous waste not threaten only environment but also to human hygiene and health. However‚ one of the most dangerous hazardous waste is dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Addition‚ DDT is used as a majority pesticide during agriculture revolution period‚ and also uses to regulate Malaria in developing
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primarily with water‚ resulting in formation of new stable compounds and secondary residual materials. Following are the types of Chemical Weathering that occur in common. Hydrolysis: This chemical process happens in case of silicate minerals reacting with water. Granite and sandstone commonly undergo hydrolysis. The H+ and OH- ions in water replace mineral ions (calcium‚ potassium etc.) to form clay and weak acids. Clay is a weak mineral which crumbles easily and hence withering of rock
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Biology I Laboratory Manual. McGraw-Hill‚ 2010. Print. Kraut‚Joseph. “How do Enzymes Work?” Science 242.4878 (1988):533+.Academic OneFile. Web.3 Nov.2010 Raven‚ Peter H. Biology. Dubuque‚ IA: McGraw-Hill‚ 2011. Print Zorov‚ I. N.‚ and M. V. Semenova. "Hydrolysis of Wheat Flour with Amylase Preperations and Invidual Enzymes." Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 42.6 (2006): 616-19. Print.
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