Review 1: The Chemistry and Molecules of Life Please note that this is a general outline of some of the topics we will have discussed and are detailed in chapters 2-5 of your textbook. While this gives you an idea of some of the terms/phrases you are responsible for‚ not all the material we covered is included. You are responsible for everything discussed in class‚ but NOT for material in the book that was not addressed in lecture. Please do NOT assume that if you know the concepts/answers to the
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of sugars or from cellulose. Wheat or corn kernels are ground in a hammer-mill to expose the starch‚ the ground grain is then mixed with water‚ heated briefly and enzymes are added to convert the starch to sugar using a chemical reaction called hydrolysis. Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol and finally the ethanol is separated from the mixture by distillation. The fermentation process is quite simple; a glucose molecule is broken down into ethanol molecules and one carbon dioxide molecule
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A patient is admitted for electroconvulsive treatment (ECT). The physician orders the neuromuscular blocking agent metocurine iodide (Metubine) to reduce trauma by relaxing skeletal muscles. Explain the process of muscle contraction and how a neuromuscular blocking agent‚ such as Metubine‚ would interfere with muscle contraction. In order to understand how a neuromuscular blocking agent works one must first understand the process of muscle contraction and what has to take place in order for us
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an overview of the recent research on the fundamental and applied properties of nanoparticles extracted from cellulose‚ the most abundant polymer on the planet and an essential renewable resource. Given the rapid advancements in the field and the high level of interest within the scientific and industrial communities‚ pioneered the use of cellulose nanoparticles (cellulose nanocrystals or whiskers and cellulose microfibrils) in nanocomposite applications. in the life sciences and bio-based applications
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is a polysaccharide (consisting of several conjoined sugars). Synthesizing starch enables the plant to stockpile surplus glucose‚ and since glucose is a major cellular fuel‚ starch represents stored energy. The sugar can later be withdrawn by hydrolysis‚ which breaks the bonds between monomers. Animals‚ in turn‚ have enzymes that can hydrolyze plant starch‚ making glucose available as a nutrient for cells. Cellulose‚ on the other hand‚ is used in plant cells for structural support. For example
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Explain the use of enzymes in food production by means of examples. You must include the example of lactase. Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions (up to a million times) in living organisms. Acting as catalysts they are not consumed nor altered in the process of converting the specific set of reactants into specific products. In food production‚ enzymes are greatly appreciated by their accelerated effect in biochemical processes and are mostly used in what we
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Also‚ anandamide is mainly produced from N-arachidonyl-phophatidylethanolamine (NAPE) by NAPE-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) [18-20]. After release‚ these endocannabinoids eliminated by a two-step mechanism consisting membrane transport and enzymatic hydrolysis [14]. 2-AG is hydrolyzed and deactivated primarily by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) also through a recently described serine hydrolase a/b-hydrolase domains‚ ABHD6 [20-21]. Anandamide hydrolyzed and degraded mainly through fatty acid amide hydrolase
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Advanced Physiology Study Questions for Chapter 1 1. Describe the organizational hierarchy of humans from cells to organ systems. 2. Describe the locations and specialized functions of the four basic cell and tissue types. 3. Describe the composition and function of the extracellular matrix. 4. Name the body water compartments and identify the structures that partition these compartments. 5. Define homeostasis. 6. Define dynamic constancy. 7. What term is used to describe the steady
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DNA Extraction Lab Problem Statement: Do you think you have ever eaten DNA? Background Information: DNA is too small to see under a regular microscope‚ so how can it be studied? DNA is a large molecule found in all living things; therefore it is possible to extract it from cells or tissues. All we need to do is disrupt the cell’s plasma membrane and nuclear envelope‚ make the DNA clump together and - voila! - DNA extraction is possible. DNA extractions from onion‚ bananas‚ liver‚ or wheat
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Human Physiology – Spring 2013 Chapter 12 Study Questions 1. Group 1 should become experts on the structure of a sarcomere. 2. Group 2 should become experts on the sliding filament theory. 3. Group 3 should become experts on the contractile cycle of skeletal muscle. 4. Group 4 should become experts on excitation-contraction coupling. 5. Group 5 should become experts on summation and tetanus. 6. Group 6 should become experts on smooth muscle contraction. 7. What are
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