Lab Report #1 Title: Synthesis of Divanillin Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize divanillin. This was done via the oxidative dimerization of two equivalents of vanillin‚ using enzyme horseradish peroxidase as the catalyst. Procedure: Lab Handout: Nishimura‚ R.T.; Giammanco‚ C.H.; Vosburg‚ D.A. J. Chem Educ. 2010‚ 87‚ 526-527. Discussion: Mechanism: Reaction 2 Vanillin H2O2 Divanillin 2 H2O
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Unit 2 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides Module Description: This module is designed to learn the biosynthesis of nucleotides 1 Topics (Chapter 22.4/25.1: Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry) 1. De Novo Purine Nucleotide Synthesis Begins with PRPP 2. Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Is Regulated by Feedback Inhibition 3. Pyrimidine Nucleotides Are Made from Aspartate‚ PRPP‚ and Carbamoyl Phosphate 4. Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis Is Regulated by Feedback Inhibition 5. Nucleoside
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normal metabolism such as free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess can cause extensive damage to DNA‚ proteins‚ and lipids. Under stress‚ the body produces more ROS‚ such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical‚ which are highly reactive and potentially damaging transient chemical species. These are continuously produced in the human body‚ as they are essential for energy supply‚ detoxification‚ chemical signaling‚
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Anthropogenic Aldehydes: Urban‚ Rural‚ and Indoor A trace amount of formaldehyde is present in the air as a result of photochemical oxidation (hydroxyl radicals) of hydrocarbons‚ for example‚ methane naturally present in the atmosphere (Atkinson‚ 1990; Riedel et al.‚ 1999). In rural air‚ terpenes and isopropene emitted by foliage also react with hydroxyl radicals to form formaldehyde (Atkinson‚ 1990). In urban areas‚ motor vehicle exhaust became an important source of aldehydes in air both through direct
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Name: Ana Cecilia Alcalá Bolio Registration: 2693441 Course title: Chemistry II Teacher’s name: Hugo Skyol Pliego Cortes Module: 1. Hydrocarbons in life. Activity: Homework 3 Date: January 30‚ 2013 Team: Doesn’t apply. Bibliography: Universidad TecMilenio. BlackBoard. Topic 3. http://bbsistema.tecmilenio.edu.mx/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_109276_1%26url%3D Wikipedia.org. “Ethane” (2012)
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is higher in altitude in the tropics‚ and lower in altitude in the extratropics‚ especially in the polar regions. This altitude variation of ozone results from the slow The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts‚ including nitric oxide (NO)‚ nitrous oxide (N2O)‚ hydroxyl (OH)‚ atomic chlorine (Cl)‚ and atomic bromine (Br). While there are natural sources for all of these species‚ the concentrations of chlorine and bromine have increased markedly in recent years due to the release
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In our daily diets‚ carbohydrates‚ fats‚ proteins and water are the main components in our food. However‚ if the food is left untreated‚ oxidative deterioration of the flavor and odor of fats and fatty constituents in it will be resulted. Hence‚ antioxidant are used widely in the production of food which fats and oils are used as raw materials and in the marketing of foods containing fats under modern conditions. The major factor in quality degradation of fats and fatty portions of foods is oxidation
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treatment works (5 occurances‚ 40.4 ppb) (Howard‚ 1997). The highest effluent concentration reported was 1424 ppb in the paint and ink industry (Howard‚ 1997). When released in the atmosphere‚ the dichlorotoluenes should degrade by reaction with hydroxyl radicals with a half-life of about 12 days (Howard‚ 1997)‚ which is significantly longer than the estimated lifetime for toluene of 2 days (Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts‚ 2000). Their estimated half-lives
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vented container to prevent the buildup of oxygen gas‚ which would otherwise lead to the eventual rupture of the container. In the presence of certain catalysts‚ such as Fe2+ or Ti3+‚ the decomposition may take a different path‚ with free radicals such as HO· (hydroxyl) and HOO· (hydroperoxyl) being formed. A
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(Cadenas‚ 1989). Molecular oxygen can easily accept unpaired electrons giving rise to a group of partially reduced species‚ generally termed ROS. The ROS include: superoxide (O2•−)‚ H2O2‚ hydroxyl radical (HO.)‚ peroxyl (ROO.) and alkoxyl (RO.) radicals‚ which may be implicated in the initiation and propagation of free radical chain reactions and are potentially highly deleterious to cells (Riley‚ 1994). Hydrogen peroxide and O2•−‚ as well as HNE and related 4-hydroxy-2‚3-alkenals (HAKs)‚ the main aldehydic
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