to prepare t-butyl-chloride‚ an alkyl halide‚ by dissolving t-butyl alcohol in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The reaction occurs via nucleophilic substitution‚ in which a nucleophile replaces the leaving group in the substrate. In this case‚ the hydroxyl group of t-butyl alcohol is replaced by a chlorine atom. The reaction proceeds via Sn1mechanism. The second part of the experiment consisted of purification of t-butyl chloride using the distillation process. A nucleophile is any neutral or uncharged
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recently perceived SOA manufacturing pathway. It was explored that the potential for fluid glycolaldehyde oxidation to form low volatility substances that contribute SOA mass. It was confirmed that aqueous oxidation of glycolaldehyde by means of the hydroxyl radical structures glyoxal and glycolic corrosive‚ as beforehand expected. Resulting responses structure formic acid‚ glyoxylic acid‚ and oxalic acid of course. Malonic corrosive‚ succinic corrosive‚ and higher subatomic weight mixes‚ including oligomers
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14 may be a possible EEC. Moreover‚ the calculated compensation temperature by inverting the straight line slope‚ T comp = 57.9 ºC‚ is higher than the average experimental value‚ T exp = 32.5 ºC. This great difference between these two values of temperatures might reflect the existence of real EEC rather than experimental error [58]. Another evidence of EEC is the approximate constant ∆G # with a significant change in both ∆H # and ∆S # . Finally‚ EEC was also investigated by using
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According to DHMO.org Dihydrogen Monoxide FAQ page‚ Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) is a colorless and odorless chemical compound. They claim that its basis is the highly reactive hydroxyl radical‚ a species shown to mutate DNA‚ denature proteins‚ disrupt cell membranes‚ and chemically alter critical neurotransmitters. They further claim that Dihydrogen Monoxide is a known causative component in many deaths and is a major contributor to millions of dollars in damage to property and the environment and
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Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Hydroxyl group refers to a functional group containing OH- when it is a substituent in an organic compound. It is also known as the characteristic functional group of alcohols and phenols. On the other hand‚ carbonyl group refers to a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon and an oxygen atom connected by a double bond. It is known as the characteristic functional group of aldehydes and ketones instead. In this experiment‚ hydroxyl- or carbonyl- containing samples
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Introduction Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include super oxide ion (O2-)‚ hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (HO- ) are the causative agents to produce oxidative stress. ROS are produced by two independent pathways: mainly the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and cellular responses to bacterial invasion‚ xenobiotic and cytokines. To counteract the formation of ROS‚ a number of antioxidant proteins have been described. These proteins are superoxide dismutase‚ catalase‚ glutathione peroxidase
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causes and effects. Appl. Catal. B: Environ.‚ 61‚ 323-333. Slokar‚ Y. M. & Marechal‚ A. M. L. (1998). Methods of Decoloration of Textile Wastewaters. Dyes and Pigments‚ 37(4)‚ 335-356. Spadaro‚ J. T.‚ Isabelle‚ L. & Renganathan‚ V. (1994). Hydroxyl radical mediated degradation of azo dyes: evidence for benzene generation. Environmental Science and Technology‚ 28‚ 1389-1393. Strickland‚ A. F. & Perkins‚ W. S. (1995). Decoloration of continuous dyeing wastewater by ozonation. Textile Chemist
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Hydrogen peroxide was widely used for disinfecting‚ sterilization and its antiseptic properties‚ it is cheap and easily available OTC at any drug store or grocery store. “This readily available oxidant is rapidly converted to the highly reactive hydroxyl radical that damages an array of cellular components” (Atiyeh‚ Dibo‚ and Hayek‚ 2009). “The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA‚ 2014). Have issued a warning regarding its use in surgery and in deep and large wounds”(Caution: Hydrogen
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evaluated for its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity‚ using the rat paw oedema assay‚ and for its in vitro IÀ scavenging effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) (HOI‚ O2 ‚ HOCl‚ ROOI and H2O2)‚ reactive nitrogen species (RNS) (ONOOÀ and INO)‚ and I DPPH radical. The protein‚ free amino acid‚ and phenolic contents of the tincture were also determined. Pertaining to the anti-inflammatory activity‚ the intraperitoneal administration of the tincture inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema‚ whereas in the
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this is the first report regarding cupric reducing activity in derived fractions from G. procumbens leaves. The antioxidant activity of plant materials or extracts is known to be associated with polyphenols and their chemical structures that contain hydroxyl groups acting as the primary antioxidant (Jun et al.‚ 2014). 2.5.2. DPPH• scavenging activity assay DPPH• scavenging activity was measured according to a previously published method (Brand-Williams‚ Cuvelier‚ & Berset‚ 1995) with some modifications
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