of their hydroxyl functional group. The location of this hydroxyl functional group will impact the molecular structure of the alcohol‚ making it either primary (1° )‚ secondary (2° )‚ or tertiary (3° ). If the OH is bonded to only one other carbon‚ it is a primary alcohol (eg. 1-butanol); if bonded to two other carbons‚ it is a secondary alcohol (eg. 2-butanol); if bonded to three other carbons‚ it is a tertiary alcohol (eg. 2-methyl-2-propanol). Due to the placement of the hydroxyl functional
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A General Review of Tetracyclines Antibiotics Chang Liu Instructor: Prof. Jasson Sello Department of Chemistry‚ Brown University Providence 02906‚ RI Tetracyclines are the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be applied to clinic use. Nevertheless‚ the increasing incidence of bacterial resistance of tetracyclines led to a series of studies on the development of semisynthetic tetracyclines to circumvent the resistant organisms. In order to better design the structures of tetracycline derivatives
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Ligation is the process of joining two DNA fragments or other molecules by a phosphate ester linkage with the action of enzyme. Ligation of DNA is process that involve the DNA of interest is inserted into the plasmid. This 3’-hydroxyl of DNA terminus are joined together with 5’-phosphoryl of another by phosphodiester bond. The ligation of DNA fragments usually performed by using T4 DNA ligase. All the reaction components such as ligation buffer‚ DNA insert‚ pGEM®-T‚ and T4 DNA ligase is mixed by
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Title of Lab: Preparation and Assay of Phenolase and Peroxidase from Sweet and Irish Potato Hypothesis: Polyphenol Oxidase enzyme activity can be detected by change in colour of solution‚ Inhibitors prevent the reaction of the enzymes with substrates‚ the enzyme is relatively specific. Aim: To design and conduct an experiment to demonstrate enzyme activity of Polyphenol Oxidase and Peroxidase when mixed with catechol‚ caffeic acid‚ pyrogallad‚ tyrosine‚ guacol‚ and water‚ to test the effect of
Free Enzyme
The environmental problem I chose in my local area of Pennsville‚ New Jersey is the pollution of our water sources. The impact of the industrial discharge‚ pesticides‚ atmospheric deposition‚ and urban street run off is causing depleted oxygen levels‚ our fish to test positive for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)‚ aquatic life impairment of Phosphorous and Total Suspended Solids (TSS)‚ Nitrogen contamination‚ and primary contact recreation to be contaminated by Enterococcus Bacteria and Fecal Coliform
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The ozone layer diminishes more each year. As the area of polar ozone depletion (commonly called the ozone hole) gets larger‚ additional ultraviolet rays are allowed to pass through. These rays cause cancer‚ cataracts‚ and lowered immunity to diseases.1 What causes the depletion of the ozone layer? In 1970‚ Crutzen first showed that nitrogen oxides produced by decaying nitrous oxide from soil-borne microbes react catalytically with ozone hastening its depletion. His findings started
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for this specific reaction was as follows: First the protonation of a carbonyl oxygen activates the carboxylic acid towards nucleophillic attack by the alcohol yielding a tetrahedral intermediate‚ in which there are two equivalent hydroxyl groups. One of these hydroxyl groups is eliminated after a proton shift (tautomerism) to give water and the ester. The reaction is a nucleophillic acylsubstitution carried out under acidic conditions of acetic acid and Dowex was also used for supplying protons
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bus 9.2 – Production of Materials: Δ. Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Basic reactions to remember: – Acid reactions: ▪ acid + base [pic] salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) [pic]NaCl(s) + H2O(l) ▪ acid + metal [pic] salt + hydrogen gas HCl(aq) + Mg(s)[pic]MgCl2(s) + H2 (g) ▪ acid + carbonate [pic] salt + carbon dioxide gas + water HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)[pic] CaCl(s) + CO2(g) + H2O
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Shrinkage is the contraction in the dimension of the fabric due to usage. These are the reasons for shrinkage: • In case of a fabric‚ the warp yarns are under much strain due to interlacement than the weft yarns. Hence when a fabric is allowed to shrink‚ the warp yarn shrinkage will be more than weft yarns. • To overcome this fabric is extended in widthwise to some extent in the stenter machine during the finishing process. Then it is subjected to the preshrink process. Various mechanical
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This is available over the counter and normally comes in a type of cream and it has a lower level of AHA concentration. The alpha hydroxyl acid can be applied at least twice a day until the bumps on head peel off. To prevent infection‚ avoid handpicking and allow the bumps to fall down by it-self. Alpha Hydroxy acid is known as one reliable natural remedy for pearly penis papules because
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