function. The injection of local anesthetic in the subarachnoid space can result in hemodynamic and respiratory changes. Along with the analgesia‚ anesthesia and motor blockade‚ spinal anesthesia also induces a sympathetic block that may cause hypotension‚ bradycardia‚ nausea‚ vomiting‚ dysrhythmias and rarely‚ cardiac arrest[4]. If it were possible to limit anesthesia for the surgical field certain undesirable effects of spinal anesthesia could be avoided.
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Neurogenic Shock Neurogenic shock is a type of shock that is caused by a spinal cord injury that affects important nerves in the nervous system. Injury to the nervous system causes the walls of blood vessels to relax‚ which increases the blood pressure. Neurogenic shock mainly affects the spinal cord. The spinal cord consists of nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. Neurogenic shock occurs when a spinal cord injury happens‚ particularly involving
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d XIV. Vasodilator * From the Latin words "vasa‚" which means "vessel‚" and "dilate‚" which means "to make wider.“ * Work by relaxing the smooth muscles that line the walls of blood vessels -- causing the blood vessels to increase in diameter and allow blood to flow through more easily. * Vasodilators also increases plasma rennin concentration resulting in sodium and water retention but these undesirable side effects can be blocked by concominant use of a diuretic and a beta blocker.
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happen with repeated use of diuresis. Hyperkalemia ensues the use of ace inhibitors which lower the blood pressure. As the use of diuretics prolongs there will be s large volume of water lost which causes dehydration. Also with the uses of diuretics hypotension develops because the factors that were making the blood viscous is being controlled. The clinical manifestations are bipedal edema‚ ascites‚ jugular vein distention and weight
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The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in pumping blood‚ nutrients‚ and respiratory gases throughout the body. Blood pressure is the force that pushes blood against the blood vessel walls and delivers these essential elements to the body. The highest pressure is when the artery is maximally stretched and is recorded as the systolic pressure. The lowest pressure occurs when the artery recoils and is relaxed is known as the diastolic pressure. Mean arterial pressure is the average blood pressure
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blood flow to the heart and it is because the vessels that lead to the heart are narrowed. It is assumed that this is caused by atherosclerosis‚ hypertension and/or hypotension. Atherosclerosis is the accumulation of fatty deposits in cardiac vessels‚ hypertension (high-blood pressure) is another major risk for heart disease‚ and hypotension is the repeated experience of dizziness and faintness after a period of inactivity. Chest pain or discomfort and shortness of breath are two symptoms of coronary
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Side effects such as renal impairment and hypotension can arise‚ as well as a dry cough (NICE‚ 2014). If the patient is being affected by this‚ angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) can be prescribed instead. ARBs‚ such as candesartan and losartan‚ have a similar action to ACE inhibitors‚ but they do not usually cause the persistent cough (NHS‚ 2016). They may also cause hypotension and hyperkalaemia. An aldosterone antagonist should be prescribed alongside the
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Maternal mortality due to sepsis is worryingly increasing through developed and developing countries. This is despite a worldwide effort towards reducing maternal death‚ maternal sepsis during pregnancy remains one of the worlds leading causes of preventable maternal death. In developed countries 3% of all maternal mortality is due to sepsis‚ whilst that figure jumps to 12% in developing countries. Pregnancy affected by severe sepsis or septci shock‚ run the risk of pre-term labour‚ fetal infect
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diabetes mellitus. According to the CDC high blood pressure is more prevalent in African Americans than it is in Hispanics and Caucasians. Hypotension is a reduction of the pressure within the lumen of the blood vessels. The major causes of hypotension are bradycardia or some type of external trauma or an internal process which causes exsanguination. Hypotension can also be an effect of chemical
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Chapter 14: Critical Care Nursing (Pg 338-366‚ 412-437) Chapter 15: Cardiovascular Disorders Coronary Artery Disease Description and Etiology The biggest contributor to cardiovascular system- related morbidity and mortality is coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease that affects arteries throughout the body. (CAD) Risk Factors for CAD 1. Age‚ Gender‚ Race (non-modifiable) a. More common in men than women b. Higher in women over 75 years of age 2. Family History
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