CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 8.1 Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing LEARNING OBJECTIVES 8.2 Four Steps to Hypothesis Testing After reading this chapter‚ you should be able to: 8.3 Hypothesis Testing and Sampling Distributions 8.4 Making a Decision: Types of Error 8.5 Testing a Research Hypothesis: Examples Using the z Test 8.6 Research in Focus: Directional Versus Nondirectional Tests 8.7 Measuring the Size
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1.) Were the North American megafauna wiped out by early human colonizers? The Overkill hypothesis is of the Clovis crossing into a “virgin continent” (The America’s) and wiped out the megafauna due to overhunting. First developed by Paul Martin in the 1960’s‚ Clovis started to occupy North and South America 13‚500-12‚500 years ago; soon after early sites were established 17 genera of North and South American megafauna went extinct between 13‚250-12‚900 (other species such as ground sloths become
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A hypothesis is a claim Population mean The mean monthly cell phone bill in this city is μ = $42 Population proportion Example: The proportion of adults in this city with cell phones is π = 0.68 States the claim or assertion to be tested Is always about a population parameter‚ not about a sample statistic Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e.g.‚ The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: μ ≠ 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains
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Describe the operon hypothesis and how it explains the control of the messenger RNA production and the regulation of protein synthesis in bacterial cells. The operon is a group of genes coding for proteins with related functions and they are arranged in units. The operon is made up of the promoter‚ structural genes and the operator. Transcription depends on the regulator‚ it may be located anywhere on the bacterial chromosome. The regulator codes for the repressor‚ which binds to the operator
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called Tucson‚ whether the simulation has an identical experience to the real Tucson is not the philosophical point. The Matrix hypothesis is the same as the metaphysics hypothesis David Chalmers claims. The metaphysics hypothesis is made up of three hypotheses. These three hypotheses are known as computational‚ creation and mind body hypotheses. The computational hypothesis “Microphysical processes throughout space-time are constituted by underlying computational processes” (Christopher Grau‚ pp137)
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING WHAT IS THIS HYPOTHESIS???? • In simple words it means a mere assumption or supposition to be proved of disproved. • But‚ for a researcher it is a formal question that he intends to resolve. • Example: I assume that 1) under stress and anxiety a person goes into depression. 2) It leads to aggressive behaviour. Eg. : Students who get better counselling in a university will show a greater increase in creativity than students who were not counselled. • So‚ the hypothesis
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What is the difference between hypothesis and law? A hypothesis is a statement‚ put forth on the basis of reasoning‚ about the things that are being studied. A hypothesis is an educated guess based on past scientific studies and previous experiments. It is not just a random guess. Observation is followed by a hypothesis. For example ‘Plants need sunlight to grow’ can be a hypothesis. It is formulated by taking into account all the observations that are know about the phenomenon under investigation
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Hypothesis There are reasons why students are having problems in their academic studies because of playing DotA. These are: School Problems – Student tends to put their attention in playing DotA if they get fail grades or low grades. School is a great source of self – esteem. It can build up or break down a student. So whenever the student gets failing grade or low grade‚ their motivation gets low. When they are having a problem in school‚ they use DotA as past time to relieve frustration
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problem has to clearly indicate why your problem is an important one by answering questions such as these: • Is the research problem of current interesting? • Is the research problem continuous into the future? • Is the information about the problem have practical application? • How large is the population affected to the problem? • Would this study can broad existing information and knowledge? • Is there opinion from others to support the needs of information in this
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section of the article). 6 pts Example of a directional hypothesis: Dogs will spend more time in physical contact with their sick owners than will cats. The first hypothesis was homophobic men are more sexually aroused to homosexual signs then non-homophobic men. The second hypothesis was homophobic men are more hostile or aggressive than non-homophobic men. 2) Did the results of the study support or refute the researchers’ first hypothesis/prediction? Explain how you came to this conclusion.
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