Chapter 3 Hypothetical Syllogisms As stated in Chapter 2‚ a hypothetical syllogism is a syllogism with at least one conditional premise‚ that is‚ at least one ―if…then…‖ premise. The ―If…then…‖ relationship may be expressed in ordinary language by using a number of different terms. In checking hypothetical syllogisms expressed in ordinary language for their validity‚ it is therefore useful to be able to translate such conditional vocabulary into standard conditional form. The Vocabulary of Conditional
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Types of shares: Share issued by a company can be divided into following categories: (I) Preference Shares: According to section 85 of the Companies Act‚ 1956‚ persons holding preference shares‚ called preference shareholders‚ are assured of a preferential dividend at a fixed rate during the life of the company. They also carry a preferential right over other shareholders to be paid first in case of winding up of the company. Thus‚ they enjoy preferential rights in the matter of: (a) Payment of
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Shares-A share is the interest of shareholder in terms of money in the business represented as a liability on the company. In the words of Justice Farewell‚ “The interest of a shareholder in the company measured‚ by a sum of money for the purpose of liability in the first place‚ and the interest (dividend) the second‚ but also consisting of various covenants entered into by the shareholder inter se.” It defines the relation between the company and shareholder. Shareholders are the real owners of
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SHARE CAPITAL Share capital is the Funds raised by issuing shares in return for cash or other considerations. The amount of share capital a company has can change over time because each time a business sells new shares to the public in exchange for cash‚ the amount of share capital will increase. Share capital can be composed of both common and preferred shares. Each share carrying a vote in the management of the business‚ managerial control may be limited. The authorized capital of a company is
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Preference Shares As in section 4 of Company Act 1965‚ it interpret preference share as “a share by whatever name called‚ which does not entitle the holder thereof to the right to vote at the general meeting or to any right to participate beyond a specified amount in any distribution whether by way of dividend‚ or redemption‚ in wind up‚ or otherwise.” (the library book) Besides that‚ section 66(1) of Company Act 1965 also states that “No company shall allot any preference shares or convert any
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Government Spending on Healthcare Talia Oliver 10/22/2012 HCS/440 Donna Lupinacci‚ MSN The article I read was written by Margaret Cuomo‚ M.D. and it focused on health care costs and how the government is doing unnecessary spending in health care. According to the article‚ the government has spent about $750 billion dollars on medical care that was not needed. Some of the areas where the author believes that the money has been wasted have been in unnecessary services‚ excessive administrative
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Discussion Why do companies issue shares? In order to raise capital‚ generally to expand the business Suggestion • Raising capital • Expanding the business 4/29/2014 1 Why do people buy the shares? Shares give their holders part of the ownership of a company. (Shareholders have a part of the ownership.) Shareholders receive a proportion of a company’s profits as dividend‚ and may be able to make a capital gain by selling their shares at a higher price than they paid for
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Share Valuation Valuation Situations 1. Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) An initial public offering is the first sale of shares by a company to the public. The shares then become publicly traded. 2. Management Buy-outs (MBOs) A management buy-out is a form of acquisition in which the existing managers of a company acquire a large part or all of the shares of the company. 3. Management Buy-ins (MBIs) A management buy-in is a form of acquisition in which a manager or management team from
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shareholders of the company. For each share owned‚ a declared amount of money is distributed. Thus‚ if a person owns 100 shares and the cash dividend is USD $0.50 per share‚ the holder of the stock will be paid USD $50. Stock or scrip dividends are those paid out in the form of additional stock shares of the issuing corporation‚ or another corporation (such as its subsidiary corporation). They are usually issued in proportion to shares owned (for example‚ for every 100 shares of stock owned‚ a 5% stock dividend
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The following are the main difference between a debenture and a share: • A person having the debentures is called debenture holder whereas a person holding the shares is called shareholder. • Debenture holder is a creditor of the company and cannot take part in the management of the company while a shareholder is the owner of the company. It is the basic distinction between a debenture and a share • Debenture holder is a creditor of the company and cannot take part in the management
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