Chemistry F332 Notes Ions in solids and solutions: Structure of an ionic lattice (Sodium Chloride): * Consists of sodium ions (Na+) surrounded by six chloride ions (Cl-) * Chloride ions also surrounded by six sodium ions. * Held together by attraction of oppositely charged ions. * Giant ionic lattice. * Electrostatic bonds hold lattices together. * Structure is simple cubic. * Some ionic crystals contain water. * Known as water of crystallisation. * These crystals
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(vi) Ion-induced dipole interactions [20(b)] In these interactions ion’s field induces a dipole moment in a molecule. If μ is the induced moment in a field E‚ ‘α’ is the polarizability (assumed to be constant)‚ then (26) (27) where FZ is the instantaneous force on the induced dipole (R >> δ) and the interaction energy at a given R‚ is (28) As the induced dipole is parallel to the field
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table List of Polyatomic Ions that Must be Memorized for General Chemistry Polyatomic Cation: NH4+ ammonium ion Polyatomic Anions Ionic Charge: Oxyanions: ClO4– perchlorate ion ClO3– chlorate ion – ClO2 chlorite ion ClO– hypochlorite ion -1 Ionic Charge: Oxyanions that Contain Hydrogen: HCO3– bicarbonate ion or hydrogen carbonate ion HSO4– bisulfate ion or hydrogen sulfate ion NO3– NO2– nitrate ion nitrite ion MnO4– permanganate ion H2PO4– Others: CN–
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Acknowledgement Introduction & Objective Theory Requirements Procedure Observation & Calculation Result Acknowledgement I __________ of class _______ thereby declare that this investigatory project of chemistry on “Study of presence of Oxalate Ion content in Guava fruit at different stages of ripening” is made by my own hard work and efforts under the supervision of our Chemistry Teacher__________________ Signature:___________________ Introduction & Objective Guava is a
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HC2O4−. A salt with this anion is sometimes called an acid oxalate‚ monobasic oxalate‚ or hydrogen oxalate. The equilibrium constant (Ka) for loss of the first proton is 5.37×10−2 (pKa = 1.27). The loss of the second proton‚ which yields the oxalate ion has an equilibrium constant of 5.25×10−5 (pKa = 4.28). These values imply that‚ in solutions with neutral pH‚ there is no oxalic acid‚ and only trace amounts of hydrogen oxalate.[1] The literature is often unclear on the distinction between H2C2O4‚
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Transition Metals 1a) The d-orbitals of a free transition metal atom or ion are degenerate (all have the same energy.) However‚ when transition metals form coordination complexes‚ the d-orbitals of the metal interact with the electron cloud of the ligands in such a manner that the d-orbitals become non-degenerate (not all having the same energy.) The way in which the orbitals are split into different energy levels is dependent on the geometry of the complex. Crystal field theory can be used to predict
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Metals & Non-Metals Metals: Good conductors of heat and electricity. Have shining luster. Malleable (this means that they can be hammered or distorted). Ductile (this means that they can be drawn into wires). Most have high melting and boiling points. Are sonorous (give out sound when beaten). Usually solid at room temperature. An exception to this is mercury‚ which is liquid in nature. Examples: Aluminum‚ Gold‚ Copper‚ Silver‚ Sodium‚ Potassium‚ Mercury. Corrode or oxidize in
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Chemistry 207 (Lab # 1) 9/11/12 Experiment #1: Cooperative Identification of an Organic Solid A. What needs to be done: In this lab‚ one will identify the identity of a colorless organic solid by experimentally finding the physical properties of the solid. Such properties include melting point‚ mixed melting point‚ and IR spectrum. With these properties‚ one will be able to compare their results of the organic solid to see if any other classmates have the same unknown sample. B. Timeline:
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gonorrhoeae and give reasons why they are used‚ iv. recognize gram-negative diplococcic in urethral and cervical smears‚ and‚ v. identify: Neisseria meningitides‚ Neisseria gonorrhoeae‚ Neisseria lactamica‚ and Moraxella catarhalis. Method: Lab manual page(s) 27-8 Results: Part A) A‚ B‚ C‚ D unknown samples Colonial appearance: |Samples |Colonial appearance | |A |Cinnamony colour
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