Study Guide: Lesson 1 What is Philosophy? Lesson Overview Welcome to this introductory course in philosophy. For our first lesson‚ we are going to examine the question: What is philosophy? There are 4 ways you can get to know what a discipline is: define it‚ describe it‚ contrast and compare it with other disciplines‚ and finally experience it. In this first lesson‚ we will aim to accomplish the first 3 of these activities. The rest of the course will be an exercise in experiencing philosophy
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INTRODUCTION TO CAPITAL BUDGETING Overview 159 7.1 The NPV Rule for Judging Investments and Projects 159 7.2 The IRR Rule for Judging Investments 161 7.3 NPV or IRR‚ Which to Use? 162 7.4 The “Yes–No” Criterion: When Do IRR and NPV Give the Same Answer? 163 7.5 Do NPV and IRR Produce the Same Project Rankings? 164 7.6 Capital Budgeting Principle: Ignore Sunk Costs and Consider Only Marginal Cash Flows 168 7.7 Capital Budgeting Principle: Don’t Forget the Effects of Taxes—Sally and Dave’s
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Meaning and Need for Budget Everyone is familiar with the idea of a budget because it is essential in every walk of our life – national‚ domestic and business. A budget is prepared to have effective utilisation of funds and for the realisation of objectives as efficiently as possible. Budgeting is a powerful tool to the management for performing its functions (i.e.‚ formulating plans‚ coordinating activities and controlling operations etc.) efficiently. CIMA London defines budget as‚ “A plan quantified
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flexible budget is a budget statement that shows what the expected costs should have been for any level of output‚ so that the actual costs can be compared to planned costs for the output that was actually generated. In a flexible budget‚ the costs are separated into variable and fixed costs. The more information that is provided to explain variances in budgeted and actual amounts‚ the easier it is for management to make successful decisions about costs and expenses. A flexible budget classifies
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Definition of Budget It is an estimation of the revenue and expenses over a specified future period of time. It can help to create a system when someone wants to open a shop or start investments. A budget can be made for a person‚ family‚ group of people‚ business‚ government or anything else that makes and speaks money. It can also help to establish a planned level of expenditures and it can help to maintain a budget for a company either on an accrual or a cash basis. Structured planning can
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this assignment with the following assumption. * That the company does not have accurate budget * That Rada plc have different departments of their business in different area of the world. For an organisation not to have an accurate budgeting is like working without any plan because budget take an important role in the day to day running of a business and also most importantly the future. Budget is important for the following reason * Planning of annual operation * Coordinating the
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American Government Balance the Budget When it came to the budget simulator I went in there with a general idea of what I wanted to do‚ and the results were surprising. I was able to cut the deficit by $256 billion leaving a deficit of only $144 billion. I was not able to completely balance the budget which is disappointing but I made a significant difference. It was very difficult to make a balanced budget which I felt was fair but I’m sure many people would feel my cuts and increases were
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What goes in a marketing budget? A marketing budget typically covers costs for advertising‚ promotion and public relations. Each amount varies based on the size of the business‚ its annual sales and how much the competition is advertising. Depending on the industry‚ marketing budgets can range from as low as 1% of sales to over 30%. New companies may spend as much as 50% of sales for introductory marketing programs in the first year. Smaller business may just try to match the spending of their direct
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Smith Wholesale’s budgeted sales price is $40 per unit for a budgeted sales volume of 5‚000 units. The actual performance was 5‚500 units at an average sales price of $39.75. The total dollar amount of the flexible budget sales variance is a favorable variance of $. Smith Wholesale’s budgeted sales price is $40 per unit for a budgeted sales volume of 5‚000 units. The actual performance was 5‚500 units at an average sales price of $39.75. The dollar amount of sales variance to the difference in actual
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The two of the budgets that are commonly used in the health care organizations are capital budget and operating budget. Capital budgets consider equipment and building acquisitions that the hospital will be using for over a year. The operating budget is part of the master budget and is the day-to-day revenues and expenditures for the facility. Reviewing these two types of budgets meet the American Organization of Nurse Examiners Competency business skills‚ in “developing and manage an annual operating
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