Briefly describe the four categories of antibody effector functions. One of the several means of protection of the body against pathogens is the activation of B cells and their generation of antibodies. These antibodies can be involved in four main functions: neutralization‚ opsonization‚ complement fixation and mediation of cytotoxicity. Neutralizing antibodies are the ones that block pathogens from gaining access to the cell by binding to receptors that the pathogen uses for this purpose. In
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Conclusion 1. Explain why antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents. Specific antibodies are linked to specific antigens. Scientists can track whether or not a person has a disease through the antibodies present in the body. 2. Why is the secondary antibody used in an ELISA test conjugated with an enzyme? What happens when this enzyme meets up with its substrate? So the substrate would turn a detectable form. It catalyzes so the antibody
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Alterations in Immunity Case Study 1. Explain the process of anaphylaxis. Could shellfish be the only cause for Mr. Smith’s reaction? Anaphylaxis occurs when a hypersensitivity reaction is extremely severe. It happens within minutes of the reexposure to the antigen. In this case it would be considered systemic anaphylaxis. Unless treated quickly it can result in death. Mr. Smith presented with anaphylaxis symptoms that occurred within minutes of exposure to the allergen and included abdominal
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The two articles we are comparing in this discussion are the Baine and Galva articles; both of these articles show a form of support for vaccines and one shows us how much power the government has when it comes down to enforcing medically ordered rules in times of crisis. The Baine article talks more about how parents should not have the power to overrule a doctors decision that a child needs a vaccine; Galva’s article is focused on how the government reacts in times of extreme medical emergencies
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Immunizations: Parents who choose not to immunize their child According to Gadzikowski (2013)‚ administrators must make sure that each child’s health records‚ such as an immunization history‚ are complete at the time of enrollment‚ in accordance with any state or local regulations. I believe that all children should be vaccinated to protect public health and schools should require this before enrollment. One of the main reasons parents choose not to immunize their child is due to the risk associated
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1. Bedbugs have been evolving in the United States since the 1940s and 50s. (1) Due to genetic mutations after World War II a widespread of pesticides known to be DDT was used. The genetic variation makes them resistant to the pesticides. (2) These DDT pesticides were used on the bedbug population‚ making them resistant to the pesticide. This illustrates natural selection because those resistant with the pesticide survive best. Which is heritable to their population with the resistant pesticide offspring
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Whooping cough (also well known as pertussis) is a contagious respiratory tract infection. People‚ suffering from the whooping cough have a very severe hacking cough‚ which is followed by the sounds like whoop. Earlier this illness was typically childish. However‚ after the development of the vaccine the situation has changed for the better. If your kid has completed the full course of vaccinations‚ this disease will not affect his or her. Nevertheless‚ children under one year can catch whooping
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Medical biotechnology is the use of Livni cells and cell materials to produce pharmaceuticals to prevent diseases. Vaccines are the best defense we as humans have agains diseases. Like any other medical products theyvhavebtheir side effects. Vaccines occur when a less harmful ‚inactive form of that pathogen is injected into th human body so that the body may be able to gain acquired immunity. So thatbwhwn the body is attacked with the same virus it is able to fight t off. Onfections are then most
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Healthy People 2020: Childhood Immunizations Every year‚ the number of preventable diseases fluctuates. In 2008 the number of measles cases worldwide was 147‚181‚ and in 2011 the number of cases was 356‚632. However‚ in 2014‚ the number was back down to 138‚386 (Council on Foreign Relations‚ n.d.). The suffering related to childhood preventable diseases like: polio‚ measles‚ mumps‚ chicken pox‚ and whooping cough‚ is a tragedy that not only affects the infected individual‚ but also the family‚ community
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Based on the research I have presented in this paper‚ I believe it is reasonable to say that kratom presents very little (if any) threat to public health and safety and there is a lack of sufficient evidence‚ historic or scientific‚ to show that kratom presents significant danger despite many years of widespread use. There is not a kratom epidemic. Scheduling kratom under the CSA would only serve to‚ ultimately‚ drain resources from enforcing current drug laws in regulating much more dangerous
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