LECTURE 1 1. History of phonetic development 2. Subject of Phonetics 3. Branches of Phonetics 4. Connection of Phonetics with other sciences 5. Methods and devices of phonetic investigation 1. History of phonetic development The “birthplace” of phonetics is considered to be Ancient India. The idea of studying sounds was brought about by the need to understand Veda (1500 BC)‚ i.e. sacred songs (brahmans) sang during religious ceremonies. The principal question for the
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Pronunciation Sounds and spelling There are 26 letters in the English alphabet but there are 44 sounds in the English language. This means that the number of sounds in a word is not always the same as the number of letters. The word ’CAT’ has three letters and three sounds but the word ’CATCH’ has five letters but still only three sounds. If we write these words using phonemic symbols‚ we can see exactly how many sounds they have. CAT is written /k æ t/ CATCH is written /k æ ʧ/ In ’CATCH’
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form: book- books‚ dog-dogs. However‚ the pronunciation of the plural morpheme varies according to the noun to which it is added. The general rule is that the plural morpheme must agree in voicing with the last sound of the noun. book / buk/ books / buks/ dog /dQg / dogs /dQgz/ Assimilation is a phonological process due to economy of effort by which sounds are influenced by neighbouring sounds and come to share some or all of their phonetic characteristics. In this case the process
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of speech used in lectures‚ scientific discussions‚ conferences‚ etc Accent – 1) type of pronunciation‚ that is the way sounds‚ stress‚ rhythm and intonation are used in the given language community. 2) see stress. Accommodation - modifications of consonants under the influence of the neighbouring vowels and vice versa. Acoustic Phonetics – science which deals with the physical property of sounds. Affricates - noise consonants
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speech varies and‚ just as importantly‚ the non-linguistic (social‚ geographical) factors which condition variation. Variation in pronunciation RP Dialect: refers to the varieties distinguished from each other by differences of grammar and vocabulary. Accent: on the other hand‚ refers to variations in pronunciation. RP stands for “received pronunciation”. Received here is understood in its nineteeth-century sense of accepted in the most polite circles of society. RP remained the accent
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tantimoon.com Advice and help for serious English learners Phonetic alphabets reference The IPA column contains the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet‚ as used in phonemic transcriptions in modern English dictionaries. The ASCII column shows the corresponding symbol in the Antimoon ASCII Phonetic Alphabet‚ which can be used to type the pronunciation of words on a computer without the use of special fonts. For a full description of the alphabets + audio recordings of the sounds‚
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THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex pb m ı Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant td µ n r | v F B f v T D s z S Z ÒL √ ® l Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Ê∂ cÔkgqG / = ≠ N – R « ßΩ çJxVX ©? hH ’ j ¥ ˜ K Where symbols appear in pairs‚ the one to
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Phonetics and phonology They are branches of linguistics that study speech sounds. Phonetics studies physical aspects of speech sounds (the production and perception of speech sounds‚ differences in sound quality‚ clear / l / vs dark / l /‚ / u: / vs / ʊ /‚ / p / vs / ph /‚ etc.). Three main areas of phonetics: - Articulatory phonetics: dealing with the way in which speech sounds are produced (sounds classified according to the position of the lips and the tongue
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Fitri Nurhandayani 2215120116 12 DAR English Phonetics and Phonology One Sound – Different Spelling 1. Vowels U = Cup /kʌp/ O = Done /dʌn/ Ou = Encourage /ɪn’kʌrɪd͡ʒ/ Oo = Flood /flʌd/ A = but U = Absolute /’æbsəu:t/ Ui = Nuisance /’nju:sns/ Ie = View /vju:/ Oo = Broom /bru:m/ Ue = Blue /blu:/ Ew = New /nju:/ OU = Oud /u:d/ A = Part /pɑ:t/ Au = Draught /drɑ:ft/ E = Eclair /eɪˈklɜ:/ A = Arid /ˈærɪd/ A = About /əˈbaʊt/ E = Broken / ‘brəʊkʌən/ O = Sofa /ˈsəʊfə/
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2. Write the phonetic symbol for the last sound in each of the following words. Example: boy [ɔɪ] (Diphthongs should be treated as one sound.) a b c d e f g h i j Word fleece neigh long health watch cow rough cheese bleached rags Last Sound [s] [I] [n] [ θ] [tʃ] [aw] [f] [z] [t] [z] 3. Write the following words in phonetic transcription‚ according to your pronunciation. Examples: knot [nat]; delightful [dilaɪtfəl] or [dəlaɪtfəl]. Some of you may pronounce some of these words the same
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