of this paper is to study the effect of operating leverage in the systematic risk of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study‚ operating leverage (OL) as independent variable and systematic risk (β) as the dependent variable are considered. SIG ≤ 0.05 means H0 hypothesis is rejected; otherwise there is no adequate reason for rejecting H0. For testing the hypothesis of this study‚ linear regression technique has been used. According to the results obtained‚ H0 is confirmed because
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Job design and job characteristics are very interesting topics for discussion. In my opinion the modern route‚ that of fitting jobs to people‚ is the best decision a manager can make when designing jobs. It leaves employees more space to experience new challenges and take more responsibility in their job. While reading the Overview of the Job Characteristics Model each of the concepts mentioned brought several examples in my mind. I do not want to cite the concepts from the book‚ but I will give
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accomplishment of this task depends on the contribution of many people without whom we could not do anything first of all we would like to thanks Allah almighty without whom I was unable to complete and manage this project “Comparative analysis on-job & off-job training effects on employee performance”. Secondly I am thankful to all my teachers who have up till now provided me with the standards of excellence. I would especially like give me thanks to Sir Salman Zia who helped me hard and it is because
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Chapter 07 - Designing Organizational Structure Chapter 07 Designing Organizational Structure CHAPTER CONTENTS Learning Objectives Key Definitions/Terms Chapter Overview Lecture Outline Management in Action Building Management Skills Small Group Breakout Exercise Be the Manager Case in the News 1 Chapter 07 - Designing Organizational Structure LEARNING OBJECTIVES LO 7-1. Identify the factors that influence managers’ choice of an organizational structure. LO 7-2. Explain
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Job Enrichment Positive motivation is the key to job enrichment. Professor Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory suggests‚ “Individuals are motivated more by intrinsic aspects of work than by extrinsic rewards” (Noe et al. 110). These factors can be further defined as motivating and hygienic. Herzberg concludes that‚ “giving an employee the opportunity to utilize their ability is job enrichment” (Herzberg 1973). Intrinsic or motivating job factors include achievement‚ recognition‚ meaningful
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Introduction What is job design? Job design means to decide the contents of a job. It fixes the duties and responsibilities of the job‚ the methods of doing the job and the relationships between the job holder (manager) and his superiors‚ subordinates and colleagues. According to business dictionary.com job design is a work arrangement (or rearrangement) aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from repetitive and mechanistic tasks. Through job design‚ organizations
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global economies. They affect our daily lives‚ allow us the opportunity for self-expression and define how we are perceived. I aim to specialize in the art of designing. While working as a textile designer I realize that fashion has played a vital role in taking the textile sector on the way of progress. Textile and Fashion designing is a rewarding profession relating physical properties of textiles to the human need for fashionable and functional clothing and home accessories. This option combines
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What factors were important to the international spread of industrialization? Economic life of the West was transformed by the industrialization‚ which began in England in the eighteenth century. At the beginning of the eighteen hundreds it spread to Western Europe‚ and by the end of the nineteenth century it had touched most of Western civilization. This period was characterized by economic growth‚ the factory system of production‚ and the use of new‚ artificially powered machines for transportation
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and that is job enlargement‚ job rotation‚ and job enrichment. They are different in some ways but alike in many. The first way is job enlargement. This way is to expand in several tasks than just to do one single task. It is also the horizontal expansion of a job. It involves the addition of tasks at the same level of skill and responsibility. It is done to keep workers from getting bored. This would also be considered multi tasking by which one person would do several persons jobs‚ saving the
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Job is an activity that most of people would do in our life. We live in a world where the variety of jobs is immense‚ and majority of us can choose job by our own decisions. Many people approve that job satisfaction comes first‚ while others think that we should take job security as priority. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast job satisfaction and job security. Three aspects that I am going to discuss are motivation‚ pressure and value. Job satisfaction describes people are engaged
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