Capital Structure Decisions: Which Factors are Reliably Important? Murray Z. Frank1 and Vidhan K. Goyal2 First draft: March 14‚ 2003. Current draft: December 20‚ 2003. ABSTRACT This paper examines the relative importance of 38 factors in the leverage decisions of publicly traded U.S. firms from 1950 to 2000. The most reliable factors are median industry leverage (+ effect on leverage)‚ market-to-book ratio (-)‚ collateral (+)‚ bankruptcy risk as measured by Altman’s Z-Score (-)‚ dividend-paying
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A SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT on “Working Capital Management of Acuity Builders & Developers Pvt. Ltd.” at Ashish Kumar Gupta & Associates CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of “Master of Business Administration” UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mr. Ashish Kumar Gupta Mr. Jagjit Singh (FCA DISA PROP.)
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Theories of Capital Structure 1. Companies U & L are identical in all respect except that U is unlevered while L is levered. Company L has Rs. 20 Lacs of 8% debentures outstanding. Assume a. All MM assumptions are met b. Tax rate is 35% c. EBIT is Rs. 6 Lacs d. Equity capitalization rate of company U is 10% Find the following: a. Value of each firm according to MM approach b. Suppose Value of U is Rs. 25 Lacs and Value of L Rs. 35 Lacs. According to MM approach‚ do they
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INTRODUCTION 1.1 WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE Every Enterprise namely company/firm/individual requires money to meet the day to day business operations‚ for purchasing stocks and for acquiring raw materials for processing and conversion to finished good. Banks provide finance to purchase inventory directly by providing funded limits or by issuing letter of credit or Bank Guarantee. Bank also provides receivables finance to provide liquidity to the customers. 1.2 CREDIT - THE LIFELINE OF BUSINESS Of
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INTRODUCTION However‚ every income is taxable under income tax law‚ whether it is received in cash or in kind‚ whether it is capital or revenue income‚ but still some incomes are given exemption from tax. In this lesson we will study those incomes which are exempt from tax. Here are some of the important items of income‚ which are fully exempt from income tax and which can be utilised by a resident individual Indian assessee for the purpose of tax planning. ➢ AGRICULTURAL INCOME:
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The Debate on Capital Punishment The Debate on Capital Punishment INTRODUCTION: Capital Punishment has been used for centuries‚ however‚ that does not mean that this form of punishment is universally accepted. Capital punishment has a long history of debate at least as long as the punishment itself. This debate is not resolved. To this day‚ it is a hot topic for most‚ even though 65 percent of adult Americans have indicated that they support this form of punishment. Additionally‚ this support
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Objectives of structuring a capital venture fund. Limited Liability Investors would like to see their liability for their investment in the fund limited to the amount of their investment‚ as they will not be usually playing an active part in the management of the investments. Avoiding an additional level of tax The investors main requirement is to avoid tax payable once receiving a dividend and then again paying a tax when the investments are realized. Suitability to all kind of investors
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Running Head: WORKING CAPITAL POLICY Working Capital Policy Mariano Santana University of Phoenix Table of Contents Introduction. 3 Danaher’s Working Capital. .. .3 Cash Balance Requirements..... ...3 Credit Policy .4 Supplier Negotiation Strategy ..4 Short-term Financing Strategy .5 Metrics.. . . .5 Ethical Implications
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chp-14.qxd 10/18/05 12:48 PM Page 145 CHAPTER 14 Working Capital Management I n the chapters on ‘Planning an SSI Unit’ and ‘ Business Plan’‚ a discussion was made on the fixed capital and the working capital. Every business needs investment to procure fixed assets‚ which remain in use for a longer period. Money invested in these assets is called ‘Long term Funds’ or ‘Fixed Capital’. Business also needs funds for short-term purposes to finance current operations. Investment
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OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE The optimal capital structure for a company should be the mix of equity‚ debt and hybrid instruments that minimizes the overall cost of funding‚ i.e. it should minimize the company’s weighted average cost of capital. In practice‚ however‚ it is not possible to specify this optimal capital structure exactly‚ for any individual company. It clearly makes sense to obtain funds at the lowest possible cost. In the long run‚ debt is cheaper than equity. However‚ when a company’s
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