(CMMG). Hypothesized that acyclovir aldehyde plays a role in acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity. Human renal proximal tubular (HK-2) cells were used as in vitro model. The results indicates that acyclovir aldehyde is produced in HK-2 cells and that inhibition of its production by 4-methylpyrazole offers significant protection from cell death in vitro‚ suggesting that acyclovir aldehyde may cause the direct renal tubular insult associated with acyclovir.18 Common laboratory findings other than an increase
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Each year‚ more than a hundred million animals are tested on. Of those hundred million‚ 95% of them are not protected by the Animal Welfare Act (11 Facts About Animal Testing). This act is meant to protect animals by setting standards of care that animals must be provided‚ which includes: housing‚ handling‚ sanitation‚ food‚ water‚ veterinary care‚ and protection from extreme weather conditions. Even animals that are protected‚ suffer from abuse and torture. Most of the animals used in testing are
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First of all‚ dendritic cells are isolated from the prostate cancer patient. The specific tumor antigen is then isolated‚ which in this case is the prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). The dendritic cells are then exposed in vitro to a fusion protein that is consistent of PAP and GM-CSF‚ which is a cytokine important in the activation and proliferation of these dendritic cells. The activated APCs are then reinfused into the patient and stimulate TH and Tc cells which then specifically
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small box-like compartments he called cells. He was first to realise plant material had organised structure at microscopic level. (compound microscope) • 1831 Scottish Botanist Robert Brown was involved in a dispute about how pollination and fertilisation occurred in plants. During his study with orchids‚ he noted that ‘Each cell has a spherical structure’. He named it the nucleus of a cell. First to introduce the concept of a nucleated cell as unit of structure in plants. 1.2.2 Describe evidence
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living organism with the entire body system. Measly cell cultures in petri dishes do not show how the respiratory‚ digestive‚ or nervous systems are affected by the drug being tested. Not all diseases that affect the body can be studied by using in vitro testing‚ either (“Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing?”). On that note‚ if one was to study a condition that could not be researched by using cell cultures and animals were no longer an option‚ humans would have to be tested
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preliminary research and does not constitute medical advice. Readers are directed to their local physician or healthcare provider for medical advice. As an antimicrobial[edit] Preliminary scientific studies show some types of propolis have in vitro antibacterial[22] and antifungal[23] activity (with active constituents including flavonoids like galangin[24] and hydroxycinnamic acids like caffeic acid[25]). In the absence of any in vivo or clinical studies however‚ it is not clear if this antimicrobial
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The leading cause for death in a majority of countries including the United States and India is ischemic heart disease. It is estimated that one fifths of deaths in India are a result of cardiovascular diseases which include coronary heart disease‚ congestive heart failure‚ peripheral arterial disease‚ rheumatic heart disease and many more. These diseases result largely in ischemic heart failure which‚ if severe enough‚ can cause the loss of critical amounts of cardiomyocytes. This can lead to several
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couples may not be diagnosed with any fertility problems at all. However‚ if you are still having trouble there are many helpful treatments of conceiving a child‚ for example‚ fertility drugs‚ artificial inseminations‚ donor sperm‚ donor eggs‚ in vitro fertilization‚ and surrogacy. One treatment is to use fertility drugs. This method is injected or taken in pill form‚ the drugs release hormones that induce ovulation to boost egg production and make the uterus more receptive to embryo implantation
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are in-vitro test whereas the others require extensive animal experiments. In this standard mainly three categories of contact with human being are differentiated:- • Surface device- Where the contact is made with skin‚ intact mucosal membrane and breached or compromised surface‚ example electrodes. • External communicating device- Where indirect contact is made with blood‚ bone and tissue‚
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This is so because there is no clear scientific evidence that clarifies where humanity begins. If a doctor killed a baby one minute after it it were born‚ he would be charged with murder‚ but if that same doctor killed a baby that is two weeks in vitro‚ it is abortion? At what minute‚ or second‚ in a child’s development is life considered precious? Abortion is a euphemism for murder because all life is precious‚ no matter the stage of development. Body: point # 2 Each human has the potential
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