Electroshock is one of the most common protocols to analyze seizures in mammals and fruit flies. The authors created a new assay to assess the response of C. elegans to electroshock. Despite having a simpler nervous system‚ C. elegans are a commonly used in vivo model because of similar morphologies to mammals especially in GABA inhibitory neurotransmission. Other convulsive models in C. elegans use the GABA receptor antagonist pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) to induce seizures but this compound often leads to paralysis
Premium Drug addiction Dopamine Brain
Recent advances in technology permit measurement of characteristics of the nerve fibres that make up the optic nerve. One of these is SD-OCT(Fig2)‚ a non contact‚ non-invasive method that enables physicians to obtain in vivo‚ high resolution (upto 5 microns) cross-sectional images of the retina. It is based on principle of low-coherence interferometry(Fig 3). By imaging a 3D cube of data it allows a detailed evaluation of the peripapillary area. Fig 2 : Cirrus HD OCT machine In low-coherence interferometry
Premium Magnetic resonance imaging Medical imaging Brain
Nowadays animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. Some people argue that these experiments should be banned because it is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer‚ while others are in favour of them because of their benefits to humanity. It is true that medicines and other products are routinely tested on animals before they are cleared for human use. While there really
Premium European Union Science Mammal
long chain of nucleotides which consist of 1. Deoxyribose (a 5-carbon pentose) 2. Phosphoric Acid 3. Nitrogenous Bases (nucleosides; either Purines‚ or Pyrimidines) Each strand has opposite polarity (5’ -> 3’ and vice versa) Supercoiling In vivo‚ DNA is naturally negatively supercoiled (slightly unwound)‚ when it’s ends are covalently joined‚ DNA free end is wound in the opposite direction to the DNA helix Positively supercoiled: overwound‚ also depends on handedness. Free end of DNA is
Premium DNA
distorted due to pathology. -importance of environmental factors in treatment Behavior therapy: recognizes the importance of behavior and the role of learning. -exposure therapy-systematic desensitization‚ flooding‚ in vivo exposure‚ imaginal exposure -aversion therapy‚ modeling‚ systematic use of reinforcement-response shaping‚ token economies‚ evaluating behavior therapy Cognitive/cognitive-behavioral therapy: emphasis on how one “acts” and “thinks” and the influence
Premium Antidepressant Psychotherapy Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Original Theory: The technique of Systematic Desensitization was developed by Dr. Joseph Wolpe‚ after the result of a series of experiment‚ in which he made cats fearful of certain situations by applying repeated electrical shocks to them. He noted that the neurotic cats showed fearful behaviours and the inhibition of certain behaviours‚ like eating in the situations in which they had been shocked. He also noted that if such cats were induced to eat in situations that were somewhat like those in
Premium
vitro testing. This type of testing performed before the drug can be tested on the animals or humans. The vitro testing gives the chemical description of the new drug and formulates the base and additional supplements. After vitro testing is done‚ the vivo testing starts on the animals. This process includes testing to figure out the possible side effects‚ level of toxicity‚ adverse effect and addiction. During this phase the pharmacodynamics of the drug is explored‚ which includes the calculation of
Premium Pharmacology Clinical trial
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one disease of the muscles that predominantly affects males and is generally diagnosed between the ages of two and five years (Duchenne Foundation Australia‚ 2015). According to Muscular Dystrophy Australia (2015)‚ there are approximately “…one in 3500 live male births throughout the world” (para. 1). DMD may be inherited by individuals with the defective gene‚ however‚ one-third of DMD cases occur as a spontaneous mutation arising in the affected individual (MDA
Premium Blood Muscle Hypertension
In vivo‚ it activates naturally occurring antioxidative enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD) to fight oxidative stress. trans-resveratrol would combat this oxidative stress either by neutralizing these free radicals or by repairing damage. trans-resveratrol
Premium Nutrition Antioxidant Vitamin C
Exam 1 Study Guide 75 points total ~25 multiple choice questions‚ includes fill-in-the-blank‚ fill-in-the-table and matching 1 essay question‚ drawn from the possible essay questions below – 20 points Approximate chapter breakdown: 5% Lecture 1 – Introduction to Biology 5% Lecture 2 – The Scientific Method 20% Lecture 3 – The Chemistry of Life 25% Lecture 4 – Biological Molecules 25% Lecture 5 – The Cell 20% Lecture 6 – Cell Membranes Example Question 1. White blood cells are responsible
Premium Protein Cell Cell membrane