Case 5-1 Income Smoothing a. Firstly‚ investors tend to invest in companies with stable earnings rather than one with volatile earnings. With stable earnings‚ there will be more likely an issuance of dividends and investors could easily predict the company’s future earnings compared to one with unstable earnings. With consistent earnings generated‚ it gives investors a secured feeling that it will again generate earnings as predicted. Confidence in the growth of rate of earnings is crucial because
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Inequality in Education Inequality is an unequal rewards or opportunities for different individuals within a group or groups within a society. Education is recognised as major social institution. However‚ inequality in education is linked to major problems in society. In education a key factor that influences a child ’s performance at school is social class. By going through Marxist and Functionalist perspectives‚ explanations for such inequalities can be understood. Difference in social background
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health Health Inequalities 1.1 Our much dated concept and measurement of health has generally focused on ill health form a physiological point of view. By the mid twentieth century‚ the health pictures had changed‚ people as a whole were no longer looked upon as disease ridden and ideas of positive health emerged. The WHO formulated its definition of health following the World War 2 during a period when the social health of societies was in question. The WHO exemplified the holistic model. According
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comprehensive income PURPOSE AND SCOPE .01 This Section establishes standards for reporting and display of comprehensive income. It does not address issues of recognition or measurement for comprehensive income and its components. .02 This Section does not apply to not-for-profit organizations (see FINANCIAL STATEMENT PRESENTATION BY NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS‚ Section 4400). DEFINITIONS .03 The following terms are used in this Section with the meanings specified: (a) Comprehensive income is the
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Introduction The income smoothing literature has been the centre of attention in the accounting world for the past few decades. When companies experience economic turbulence due to a poor performance year‚ they turn to the accounting management department to resolve the bottom line. A strategy that managers can approach is changing the true information content of the company. As a result this has led managers to resort to smoothing their income. Many questions have been raised whether or not it
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National Income Determination Introduction • A key objective of Macroeconomics is to explain GDP growth and its fluctuations • Therefore‚ need to understand the forces that determine GDP (“National Income”) • John Maynard Keynes in his “General Theory of Employment‚ Interest and Money” (1936) developed a model of income determination • Known as Keynesian Theory of Income Determination • Aggregate spending / demand determines the level of aggregate output Concepts and Functions Actual
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The subject of inequality has been realized in many spheres of life. The education sector is not an exception. Educational inequality is the disparity seen in learning efficacy and results as encountered by students with varying backgrounds. Efficacy in education is mainly determined through test scores‚ grades‚ college entrance statistics‚ drop-our rates and the completion rates amongst learners in college. Most of the education inequality seen today comes from economic differences that usually
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INCOME TAX NOTES Residential Status and Incidence of Tax According to Section 5 of the Income Tax Act the scope of total Income of an assessee depends on his residential status.On the basis of residential status assessee are classified under the following two categories: 1. Resident 2. Non-resident. As per as resident individuals and Hindu Undivided Families are concerned‚ they can be further divided into two categories: 1. Ordinarily Resident 2. Not ordinarily Resident. Residential
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Definition of Tax “Taxes are compulsory payment to government without expectation of direct return in benefit to the tax payer” According to section 2 (62) of the ITO (Income Tax Ordinance) 1984: “Tax means the income tax payable under ordinance and includes any additional tax‚ excess profit tax‚ penalty‚ interest‚ fees or other charges leviable or payable under this ordinance.” Characteristics of Tax i. Tax is a payment to the government by the people. ii. Payment of taxes is non-penal
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And Tax Incidence Concept And Calculation Of Tax Income Under The Head Salary FBT* And New Perquisites Income Under The Head House Property Income Under The Head Business And Profession Income Under The Head Capital Gains Income Under The Head Of Other Sources Clubbing Of Incomes Set Off And Carry Forward Of Losses Agriculture Income And Its Taxability Deduction From Gross Total Income Exempted Incomes Assessment Procedure Advance Payment Of Income Tax Tax Deducted At Source Charitable And Religious
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