product costing system implemented in the company – with the exception of the calculation of product costs imperative for external financial reporting purposes‚ prepared by your company’s accountant. In order to reduce cost pressures upon Sunflower Ltd‚ in the highly competitive flower sector‚ this report recommends the introduction of management accounting into the company‚ in particular the use of product costing systems. The purpose of this report is to identify an appropriate product costing system
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Process costing is used for homogenous products (continuous flow processes such as producing cans of soda). Job-order costing is used in situations where the organization offers many different products or services‚ such as in furniture manufacturing‚ hospitals‚ and legal firms. Process costing is used where units of product are homogeneous‚ such as in flour milling or cement production. The purpose of a job order cost accounting system is to assign and accumulate costs for each job‚ i.e
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oyment incomeEMPLOYMENT INCOME Source of Employment Income The basis of taxation on employment income is that income from exercising an employment in Malaysia is regarded as Malaysian derived income. All income attributable to the employment exercised in Malaysia is subject to Malaysian tax irrespective of where the remuneration is paid. Where an employee is required to perform his duties outside Malaysia‚ the entire remuneration is still chargeable to Malaysian tax if the services rendered outside
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INCOME CONCEPTS The Purpose of Income Reporting Income is used… 1 As the basis of one of the principal forms of taxation. 2 In public reports as a measure of the success of a corporation’s operations. 3 As a criterion for the determination of the availability of dividends. 4 By rate-regulating authorities for investigating whether those rates are fair and reasonable. 5 As a guide to trustees charged with distributing income to a life tenant while preserving the principal for a remainder man
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Case 5-1 Income Smoothing a. Firstly‚ investors tend to invest in companies with stable earnings rather than one with volatile earnings. With stable earnings‚ there will be more likely an issuance of dividends and investors could easily predict the company’s future earnings compared to one with unstable earnings. With consistent earnings generated‚ it gives investors a secured feeling that it will again generate earnings as predicted. Confidence in the growth of rate of earnings is crucial because
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Types of Variables Binary variable Obsevations (i.e.‚ dependent variables) that occur in one of two possible states‚ often labelled zero and one. E.g.‚ “improved/not improved” and “completed task/failed to complete task.” Usually an independent or predictor variable that contains values indicating membership in one of several possible categories. E.g.‚ gender (male or female)‚ marital status (married‚ single‚ divorced‚ widowed). The categories are often assigned numerical values used as lables
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ABC Costing Activity-based costing (ABC) is a special costing model that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. This model assigns more indirect costs (overhead) into direct costs compared to conventional costing models. Aims of model With ABC‚ an organization can soundly estimate the cost elements of entire products and services. That may prepare decisions on
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pricing decisions. 12-3 Two examples of pricing decisions with a short-run focus: 1. Pricing for a one-time-only special order with no long-term implications. 2. Adjusting product mix and volume in a competitive market. 12-4 Activity-based costing helps managers in pricing decisions in two ways. 1. It gives managers more accurate product-cost information for making pricing decisions. 2. It helps managers to manage costs during value engineering by identifying the cost impact of eliminating
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Targeting Target Costing Targeting Target Costing COST MANAGEMENT AND INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS Martin Carlsson-Wall Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy‚ Ph.D. Business Administration Stockholm School of Economics 2011 Keywords: Target costing Cost management Accounting Inter-organizational accounting Management control Inter-organizational relationships Product development Inter-organizational product development Multi-technology
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TUI University Variable and Fixed Cost Module 1 Case Dr. Li-Lin Liu Pa April 22‚ 2012 Part I: Use the background material and Internet to answer the questions below. Discuss and analyze the difference between managerial and financial accounting. Pay particular attention to: * How is managerial accounting different from financial accounting? Comment on the different needs and use of financial information for internal purposes. * The managerial accounting profession and its role
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