attainable indifference curve(tangent to the income budget line or MRS = |w/p|). At this point A‚ the individual will work Ls1 hours‚ enjoy La leisure hours and enjoy an income of Ca. Assuming the individual has attained a source of non-labour income‚ for example inheritance or lottery winnings‚ represented by vertical distance ZX on the graph. The income budget constraint will now become a kinked line KXZ. The presence of non-labour income allows the individual to reach a higher indifference curve and
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substitute (Marginal Rate of Substitution) Slope of indifference curve= the amount of a product that must be substitute for another if utility is to remain unchanged. The ratio is the marginal rate of substitution. The MRS is the slope of the indifference curve at a certain point. I spend my money on the product that gave the most marginal utility. Ex: How much X do I have to give to get an extra unit of Y ? Example of indifference curves= If my MRS does not depend on
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And finally attain a reasonable degree of generality. A model can be constructed at different levels of aggregation‚ detailed and sophistication depending on its purpose. There are two purpose for which a model is constructed;- Analysis and prediction. Analysis implies the explanation of the behavior of economic units. From a set of assumptions we derive certain laws which describe and explain with an adequate degree of generality the behavior of consumers and producers. Prediction implies
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Definitions a diagram devised by F. Y. Edgeworth‚ in the form of a box which plots the indifference curves of two individuals or firms relative to the consumption or production of two goods. The contract curve plotted shows the points where the utility to the two individuals or firms is equal. analytical tool for determining the contract curve used in welfare economics. It is caused by the combination of the indifference curve systems of two exchange partners For this‚ the two systems must be arranged so
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by consuming each possible bundle of goods. T h e t y p i c a l w e l l-b e h a v e d s t r u c t u r e o f u t i l i t y o f b u n d l e s i s o f f e r e d b y indifference curves‚ i.e. all bundles giving the same level of utility to the consumer. Here below you can see two indifference curves: the higher indifference curve is characterised by a higher level of utility. Now‚ we should consider - at the same time - both the budget constraint (the
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Returns to Scale Meaning An isoquant is a firm’s counterpart of the consumer’s indifference curve. An isoquant is a curve that show all the combinations of inputs that yield the same level of output. ‘Iso’ means equal and ‘quant’ means quantity. Therefore‚ an isoquant represents a constant quantity of output. The isoquant curve is also known as an “Equal Product Curve” or “Production Indifference Curve” or Iso-Product Curve.” The concept of isoquants can be easily explained with the help of the table
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define the indifference curve as a graph showing different bundles of goods between which a consumer is indifferent. That is‚ at each point on the curve‚ the consumer has no preference for one bundle over another. One can equivalently refer to each point on the indifference curve as rendering the same level of utility (satisfaction) for the consumer. Utility is then a device to represent preferences rather than something from which preferences come. The main use of indifference curves is in the representation
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1. Economies of Scale. If the firms produces in an industry with very high fixed costs‚ consumers can benefit from a large firm which can exploit economies of scale. Economies of scale lead to lower long run average costs and therefore give the potential of lower prices. Example: Would you want several firms providing tap water? Would it make sense to have 2-3 companies laying a network of water pipes and sewage systems across the country? No. It is better to have 1 firm. This is an example of
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Topic 6 - The Theory of Consumer Behavior – the theory of utility • The theory of consumer behaviour may be analysed by either utility theory and / or indifference curve analysis. • Note: this course only requires students to be aware of utility theory. Indifference curve analysis is undertaken in year 2 and is not a requirement of this course Basic Principles of the theory of Consumer Behaviour • Consumers are rational optimisers • Consumers seek to maximise total utility • Utility is achieved
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where F and C are the two goods available for purchase: food and clothing. a. Graph Juan’s indifference curves for the following levels of utility: 100‚ 200‚ and 300. Juan’s indifference curves for U = 100‚ 200 and 300 are pictured as follows. The general formula for the graph of an indifference curve for a given level of utility‚ U*‚ is F=U*/C (since U* = F x C). For example‚ the indifference curve for U* = 100 is
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