Journal of Cleaner Production 11 (2003) 667–676 www.cleanerproduction.net The use of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) for identifying environmental costs Christine Jasch ∗ ¨ Institute for Environmental Management and Economics‚ IOW‚ Rechte Wienzeile 1915‚ A-1040 Vienna‚ Austria Received 28 August 2001; accepted 27 June 2002 Abstract The Expert Working Group on “Improving the Role of Government in the Promotion of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA)” was set up by the
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Cost – Benefit – Risk Analysis Cost START UP COST Joint venture investment Expatriate employee (managers) Employee insurance Employee benefit Employee allowance Land purchase/Renting expenses Showrooms Parking lot (if need) Labor cost Expatriate employee (managers) Local employees Employee insurance Employee benefit Employee allowance Space requirements Air-conditioner Total seats Decorations Tableware
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the easier it is to spend money the more willing they are to do it. So which distribution method is best? The direct distribution system in one method and has several subsystems. One distinction between direct systems and indirect systems for example‚ is that in direct systems the marketer does the research themselves. But in indirect systems the marketer has help from others. Direct marketing systems are set up so that the customers place orders directly. Customers are not necessarily helped
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Section B Attempt Any Six Questions (6*5= 30) 1. Company A’s costs are mostly variable‚ whereas Company B’s costs are mostly fixed. When sales increase‚ which company will tend to realize the greatest increase in profits? Explain. 2. Crystal Telecom has budgeted the sales of its innovative mobile phone over the next four months as follows: Sales in Units July. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30‚000 August . . . . . . . . . . . 45‚000 September . . . . . . . . 60‚000 October . . . .
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essential for the quality of life of current and future generations. The challenge is to combine this with continuing economic growth in a way which is sustainable over the long term. Interest in determining costs and benefits is increasing in the environmental field. The possibilities for performing cost-benefit analyses in the waste area depend‚ however‚ on what is known about the actual emissions or discharges associated with waste disposal methods and their effects on the environment and health. On
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Nedam Engineering Ing. C. (Kees) Vermeij Head of estimation Ballast Nedam Infra Projecten Abstract Companies are starting to use Building Information Models (BIMs) for cost estimation purposes. This BIM-based estimating enables estimators to quickly and accurately extract quantities and estimate construction costs‚ potentially leading to a better estimate. In projects that are more complex however‚ acquiring an accurate estimate requires more effort‚ because complexity features influence
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competitive field to receive scholarships‚ loans‚ and grants is quite difficult to obtain‚ because there is to many people and not enough space causing prices to increase dramatically. Several middle-class and lower class American citizens feel that tuition costs are expensive‚ and like myself‚ are taking advantage of early college programs to receive credit and lessen their debts in the future. These programs allow high school students to receive an associate’s degree while attending high school and working
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Was the U.S Iraq and Afghanistan War Worth the Cost? Introduction The U.S led Iraq and Afghanistan wars have received praises and criticisms of different measures. The war was fought for almost a decade‚ starting back in 2003. In the case of Iraq war‚ the cause of the conflict was suspicion by the United States and United Kingdom that Iraq had in its possession Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) that it intended to use in case of war between nations. This was based on the past experience where Iraq
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The direct effects of the 1991 Gulf War In early August 1990‚ the Iraqi army invaded Kuwait. On 6 August1990‚ the United Nations Security Council imposed comprehensiveeconomic sanctions on Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait fourdays earlier and a military build-up began that eventually resulted in thesix week Gulf War in early 1991. The air campaign against Iraq waslaunched 16 January 1991‚ with a ground force invasion of Kuwait amonth later on the 24 February 1991. A ceasefire was called
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FRANGOR SPA: STRATEGIC COST ANALYSIS FOR PROFIT RECOVERY by Riccardo Silvi Preliminary draft A) Overview and Strategic Financial Analysis Mr. Paolo Frangor was standing in front of the big window of his office. From there‚ he could see the wide square and the part of the building where the products -- machines for agriculture (rotary tillers‚ spading machines‚ harrows‚ …) -- were produced. He was satisfied with this new location. The bigger dimension‚ indeed‚ could help his employees do a better
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