Introduction Hepatitis B infection is one of the major and common liver infectious diseases worldwide‚ and caused by a small enveloped DNA virus‚ the hepatitis B virus (HBV). (Tong 2005Int J med Sci) Importantly‚ over 20 million people are infected annually with HBV and there are globally 350-400 million chronic carrier of HBV. (McMahon 2005.) Routes of infection include vertical transmission (through childbirth)‚ early life horizontal transmission (bites‚ lesions‚ and sanitary habits)‚ and adult
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The most common infection in the health care setting is Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) and it is associated with sky rocketing hospital costs‚ deaths and complications. (Zacharioudakis‚ et al.‚ 2015) According to studies released in the United States by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2015‚ the current economic burden of infectious C. difficile has become the most common microbial cause of recurrent antibiotic-associated diarrhea and other gastrointestinal illnesses
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Disseminated gonococcal infection is caused by hematogenous infection of N. gonorrhoeae from the primary site of infection. It occurs in both men and women‚ but is seen more frequently in women‚ because women with gonorrhea are often asymptomatic‚ which allows the dissemination of infection before the patient experiences symptoms. Pregnancy‚ menses‚ and terminal component complement deficiencies also increase the risk for disseminated gonococcal infection as a result of endometrial exposure of submucosal
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Urinary tract infections refer to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms within the urinary tract and its classification is usually done on the basis of infection sites:-bladder [cystitis]‚ kidney [pyelonephritis]‚ or urine [bacteriuria] and also can be asymptomatic or symptomatic (Quigley R 2009‚ Schlager TA2001). They are among the most commonly acquired bacterial infections and they account for an estimated 25-40% of the nosocomial infections (Bagshaw SM‚ Laupland KB 2006). Urinary tract infection
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Causes and spread of infection 1.1: Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms with a simple cellular organization whose nucleus lacks a membrane. Viruses are DNA wrapped in a thin coat of protein that replicates only within the living hosts. Fungi come in many different varieties and we eat quite a few. Mushrooms are fungi as is the mould that forms the blue or green veins in some types of cheese. Yeast is another type of fungi and is the necessary ingredient to make most types of bread.
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Document on how infection is spread and how we can prevent a secondary infection It is caused by bacteria and viruses that are in the body these are found in the environment It is very important to know how infections are spread so we can stop children‚ staff becoming sick. Children should be taught how germs spread and how to stop this. It a direct transfer of bacteria‚ viruses and germs. This can occur when a individual with the virus touches‚ coughs and sneezes and runny noses on people who are
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patients find it easier to swallow. Trimethoprim is indicated for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI ) in adults and children. Most UTI s are said to be caused by bacteria that live in the digestive system. Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by bacteria that live in the digestive system. If these bacteria get into the urethra they can cause infection. It’s thought that the bacteria can spread to the urethra via the anus. NHS UK (2013) E coli is a Gram-negative
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Microbiology in odontogenic infections Most odontogenic infections contain mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. predominant bacterial species present in oral cavity are maunly Streptococcus ‚ Peptostreptococcus‚ Veillonella‚ Lactobacillus‚ and Actinomyces . 11‚12 The mixed aerobic-anaerobic composition of the bacteria involved in suppurative odontogenic infections is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of infection. if bacteria involved in mixed odontogenic infections are isolated in pure culture
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Reducing Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system. Patients with indwelling urinary catheters have an increased risk of acquiring a urinary tract infection. Seventy-five percent of hospital acquired urinary tract infections are associated with patients that have or have had an indwelling urinary catheter during their hospital stay. Approximately 15-25% of hospital patients receive urinary catheters
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droplets dispersed by sneezing or coughing. Skin infections are common‚ but the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream and infect distant organs. Skin infections may cause blisters‚ abscesses‚ and redness and swelling in the infected area. The diagnosis is based on the appearance of the skin or identification of the bacteria in a sample of the infected material. Thoroughly washing the hands can help prevent spread of infection. Antibiotics are chosen based on whether they
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