Relevance of Chemistry 3 Analytical Chemistry 5 Chemical and Biology Safety 9 Classification of Hazardous Chemicals 15 Biochemistry 24 Organic Reactions 32 Radiation 34 Environmental Concerns 40 The Relevance of chemistry to Occupational Safety‚ Health an Environment Chemistry is the science of chemicals which studies the laws governing their formation‚ combination and behaviour under various conditions‚ it
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alcohol – Dietheyl Ether: Dipole – (induced) dipole and van der Waals forces For Acidic Compounds: Benzoic Acid – NaOH: Ion – (induced) dipole and van der Waals forces Benzoic Acid – NaHCO3: Ion – (induced) dipole and van der Waals forces Phenol – NaOH: Hydrogen Bonding‚ Ion – dipole‚ and van der Waals forces For Basic Compound(s): Aniline – HCl: Ion – dipole and van der Waals forces For Neutral Compounds: Benzyl alcohol – H2SO4: Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces Benzaldehyde
Free Hydrogen Oxygen Ethanol
taken together constitute a new parent name. Four important examples are: CH3 OH NH2 COOH F F F Fluorobenzene * Because all H atoms in benzene are equivalent it doesn’t matter at which vertex of the ring the substituted group is located. F Toluene Phenol Aniline Benzoic Acid (not methyl benzene‚ hydroxybezene‚ aminobenzene‚ carboxyl benzene) Examples: CH3 HO Cl 2- Chlorotoluene F 3- Fluorophenol Note 2: For monosubstituted benzene rings that have a group attached that is not easily named as
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Sunlight deprivation‚ brought on by cloudy weather‚ leads to seasonal affective disorder as well as low energy levels. Sunlight deficiency leads to SAD (seasonal affective disorder) which is a type of depression (Grohol‚ 2014). This disorder is regarded as having a seasonal pattern‚ as the weather is never stable and always changing (Grohol‚ 2014). Sunlight deprivation leads to a lack of Vitamin D (Mead‚ 2008). Vitamin D is absorbed through the skin from sunlight and converted to Vitamin D3 (Mead
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technology) is a sub-discipline of military tactics and passive electronic countermeasures‚ which cover a range of techniques used with personnel‚ aircraft‚ ships‚ submarines‚ missiles and satellites to make them less visible (ideally invisible) to radar‚ infrared‚ sonar and other detection methods. It corresponds to camouflage for these parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Designers develop a particular shape for planes that tended to reduce detection‚ by redirecting electromagnetic waves from radars Radar-absorbent
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perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation. EMR is characterized by the frequency or wavelength of its wave. The electromagnetic spectrum‚ in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength‚ consists of radio waves‚ microwaves‚ infrared radiation‚ visible light‚ ultraviolet radiation‚ X-rays and gamma rays. The eyes of various organisms sense a somewhat variable but relatively small range of frequencies of EMR called the visible spectrum or light. Higher frequencies correspond to
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with because they are often very small numbers. Acetic acid‚ for example‚ has a Ka is value of about 0.00001 (or 10-5)‚ phenol has a Ka of 10-10. It is usually more convenient to use a logarithmic scale to handle these numbers. Accordingly‚ Ka values are transformed to pKa values using the formula pKa =-logKa Thus‚ the pKa for acetic acid becomes approximately 5. The pKa of phenol is 10. The pKa values of molecules can be used to classify them according to their relative strengths as an acid. Remember
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SOLAR ENERGY INTRODUCTION SOLAR ENERGY is the radiant energy that we receive from the sun in the form of heat and light. It is an inexhaustible source of energy. Solar Energy is the ultimate source of most of the sources of energy that we use. The wind energy‚ water energy‚ energy of fossil fuels and the energy in food are due to solar energy. SOURCE OF SOLAR ENERGY The discovery of radioactivity led some scientists to suggest that the energy released during radioactive decay of radioactive
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Results: Limiting Reactant: Eq 1 Limiting reactant = Benzoin Theoretical yield of Benzil: Eq 2 Theoretical Yield Benzil | 0.296 g | Mass of Crude Benzil | 0.188 g | Mass of Final Benzil | 0.127 g | % Yield | 43% | % Recovery | 66% | Table 1: Mass of crude/final Benzil‚ % yield‚ and % recovery Percent Yield: % Yield = (Final product/Theoretical product) x 100 Eq 3 = (0.127 g/0.296 g) x 100 = 43% yield Percent Recovery
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The immobilized enzyme was then tested via spectrophotometric assay at 510nm for kinematic activity and stability relative to its free enzyme counterpart. The enzymatic reaction was induced and analyzed via the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‚ phenol‚ and 4-aminoantipyrine. To test stability a spectrophotometric assay (again at 510 nm) was conducted after both immobilized and free enzymes were heated at 70˚C for four minutes. The results of the immobilized enzyme yielded a significant stability
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