the IR beam gets interrupted when someone is standing at the gate or passing through it. The transmitter circuit (see Fig. 1) is built around timer NE555 (IC1)‚ which is wired as an astable multivibrator producing a frequency of about 38 kHz. The infrared (IR) beam is transmitted through IR LED1. The receiver circuit is shown in Fig. 2. It comprises IR sensor TSOP1738 (IR RX1)‚ npn transistor BC548 (T1)‚ timer NE555 (IC2) and some resistors and capacitors. IC2 is wired as a monostable multivibrator
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Electromagnetic Waves It was once the great Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) who had presented that electric and magnetic fields unstable together can form a spreading wave‚ appropriately called an electromagnetic wave. The properties of an electromagnetic wave are as follows: 1. They can travel through a vacuum at the same high speed‚ which is much faster than other types of waves that travel through a material. 2. They show the normal wave properties of reflection‚ refraction
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technology) is a sub-discipline of military tactics and passive electronic countermeasures‚[1] which cover a range of techniques used with personnel‚ aircraft‚ ships‚ submarines‚ and missiles‚ to make them less visible (ideally invisible) to radar‚ infrared‚[2] sonar and other detection methods. It corresponds to camouflage for these parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Development in the United States occurred in 1958‚[3][4] where earlier attempts in preventing radar tracking of its U-2 spy planes
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Brass Background The scientific concepts involved in this lab include Spectroscopy‚ Beer’s law‚ Calibration curve‚ concentration‚ and electronic transitions. The main objective of this experiment is to see how the percent composition of brass can be determined to verify the properties influenced by copper and zinc. Brass is a generic term for alloys of copper and zinc. The main technique used in this experiment is Spectroscopy. The three equations used in this lab are: Y = mx + b‚ where y = absorbance
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indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for general lighting. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962‚ early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light‚ but modern versions are available across the visible‚ ultraviolet‚ and infrared wavelengths‚ with very high brightness.When a light-emitting diode is switched on‚ electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device‚ releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence‚ and the color of
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A PROJECT REPORT ON AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH VISITOR COUNTER IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING By AKSHAY (07020102003) Under the guidance of Ast. Prof. TARUN BHATT AMRAPALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES SHIKSHA NAGAR LAMACHUR‚ HALDWANI (263139) U.K Technical University; Dehradun. April‚ 2011 TABLE OF CONTENT * Certificate
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Vibration- Rotation Spectroscopy of HCl and DCl Purpose: To determine the fundamental vibration frequency and bond length for H35Cl‚ H37Cl‚ D35Cl‚ and D37Cl and to compare the isotope effects to theoretically predicted values. Introduction Vibration spectroscopy is one of the most important tools for the accurate determination of molecular structure. Vibration spectroscopy also plays an important role in environmental chemistry. For example‚ the albedo of the earth’s atmosphere is controlled by the
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GAIT ANALYSIS AND RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES Gait analysis is the systematic study of animal locomotion‚ more specifically the study of human motion‚ using the eye and the brain of observers‚ augmented by instrumentation for measuring body movements‚ body mechanics‚ and the activity of the muscles. Gait analysis is used to assess‚ plan‚ and treat individuals with conditions affecting their ability to walk. It is also commonly used in sports biomechanics to help athletes run more efficiently and to identify
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Module 2 Mass Spectroscopy [pic] [pic] Diagram of a mass spectrometer Stage 1: Ionisation The sample is injected as a vapour and the atoms are bombarded by fast moving electrons. This causes the molecule to fragment into two or more pieces. When a molecule or part thereof fragments‚ one portion would be positively charged while the second portion will be uncharged. All uncharged fragments are ultimately lost in the machine as mass spectrometers only work with positive ions. Stage 2: Acceleration
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Callam 1/8 CHEM – 254 – WI -2009 Problem Set #1 – IR Spectroscopy - KEY 1. Which of the indicated bonds absorbs at the higher frequency in an IR spectrum? a. O or OH C=O > C-O b. N or NH C=N > C-N c. H or H C-H sp2 > C-H sp3 Callam 2/8 CHEM – 254 – WI -2009 2. What major IR absorptions are present above 1500 cm-1 for each compound? a. b. O sp3 C-H stretch 2950 C=O - ketone 1715 cm-1 cm-1 c. O sp3 C-H stretch 2950 cm-1 sp3 C-H stretch 2950 cm-1
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