Guarner‚ F. & Schaafsma‚ G.J. (1998). Probiotic. International Journal of Food Microbiology‚ 39‚ 237–238. Helm‚ D. Labischinski‚ H. Schallehn‚ G. & Naumann‚ D. (1991). Classification and identification of bacteria by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of General Microbiology‚ 137‚ 69–79. Ilium‚ L.1998. Chitosan and its use as a pharmaceutical excipient. Pharmaceutical Research‚ 15‚ 1326–1331. Jankowski‚ T.‚ Zielinska‚ M.‚ and Wysakowska‚ A (1997) Kailasapathy‚ K.‚ and Chin‚ J.
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Experiment 15 & 16: Preparation of 1-bromobutane‚ an SN2 reaction Preparation of 2-chloro-2-methylbutane‚ an SN1 reaction Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol and sodium bromide. In order for this reaction to reach completion there are four major operations that need to be performed. The four major operations include refluxing‚ simple distillation‚ separation‚ and drying. To begin‚ in order for the compounds to react they will be dissolved
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characterization of the examined wall paintings was carried out by means of optical microscopy (OM)‚ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDS)‚ X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD)‚ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) and the colorimetric characterization. The results revealed the characterization of the stratigraphic structure of wall decorations of the tomb and their chemical composition. The obtained results helped in identifying the chromatic
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The discipline of archaeology is by no means a simple nor singular study of the past. Due to the wide range of evidence within the archaeological record‚ from organic to inorganic‚ many different methods and approaches are taken in order to deal with the wide spectrum of differing evidence. Nevertheless‚ the study of pottery is without doubt one of the most important tasks taken on by any archaeologist. A great wealth of information can be gained from the study of pottery‚ despite its inanimate state
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Preparation of N‚N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and its Identification by IR and NMR Spectroscopy Eim A. Chemist CHEM 304 July 10‚ 2005 INTRODUCTION N‚N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is the active ingredient in many insect repellants.1 In this experiment‚ DEET will be prepared from m-toluic acid through the intermediate acid chloride and then identified by its IR and proton NMR spectra. The overall reaction is a series of two acyl substitutions and is shown in Scheme 1 below: [pic] Scheme
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momentum is the rotation around a point. On rare occasions the supernovae explode and pulsars are formed from that explosion. As the pulsars decrease in size they begin to spin faster because of the conservation of angular momentum. Astronomers use spectroscopy to help aid with distant stars and galaxies. It is used by the different wavelengths and the study of visible light and shows us many things such as temperature‚ chemical composition‚ mass‚ distance and much more. This is also current knowledge
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product was then isolated and recrystallized using methanol. This reaction is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction‚ in which the nitro group replaces a proton of the aromatic ring. Following recrystallization‚ melting point and infrared were used to identify and characterize the product of the reaction. Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize methyl nitrobenzoate from methyl benzoate‚ concentrated nitric acid‚ and concentrated sulfuric acid via an electrophilic
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the left producing more isoamyl acetate to try and balance the reaction once again. Once the product was collected‚ it was purified through means of fractional distillation. Finally to characterize the product‚ and assess its purity‚ IR and NMR spectroscopy were taken. Reaction: Reagent Data: Compound Name | Mol. Weight (g/mol) | Mass (g) | Moles | Equivalents | BP (°C) | Density (g/mL) | Global Acetic Acid | 60.05 | 4.20 | 6.99E-2 | _____ | 118°-119° | 1.049 | Isoamyl Alcohol | 88
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Discussion and Scientific Explanations The reaction was conducted using granular tin and hydrochloric acid. This mixture provided both a source of electrons and protons1. The electrons worked as the reducing agent in this mechanism1. Granular tin was chosen over a single plate of tin due to the fact that it would take much more time and effort to fully dissolve a single plate of tin. A plate of tin would be more bonded to each other and less likely to be reactive. With the addition of the concentrated
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product from the cyclohexanol starting component‚ previously learned lab techniques such as extractions and simple distillation were used. The formation of the product was verified by performing a Bromine test as well as an analysis using IR Spectroscopy. A percent yield of 8.33% was obtained. Introduction: In an elimination reaction‚ two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one or two-step mechanism. There is a removal of a leaving group and a proton to form alkenes. The
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