including an outgroup. An effective outgroup is a taxa that is related to the other species on the tree but has clearly branched off earlier than any of the other taxa. Outgroups must not be too distantly related‚ otherwise the relative evolutionary distance between the outgroup and the ingroup is difficult to estimate and topological errors in the tree arise. It is possible to include more than one outgroup to improve construction of the tree. Although‚ if multiple distant outgroups are used the
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boundary work. eg how the irish became white framing effects * george lakoff) social capital‚ cultural capitcal‚ social closure strateficiation rtems from a social progress where in individuals form categroical mental representations of ingroups and outgroups through framing; translate these representation the just world effect causes people to think that victisma re to blame for their fate- for example the ppor are throught to be stupid and feckless even if the cause of their poverty lies elsewhere
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demonstrate that not all crowds are violent‚ primitive and irrational groups of people‚ where thoughts and feelings are spread through the crowd‚ but instead an originally calm crowd can become violent due to illegitimate and indiscriminate action from the outgroup. The key to understanding why a crowd behaves the way it does lies in the intergroup relations. WHAT COMMON SENSE ACCOUNTS ARE…. Through asking individuals what they believe the true nature of the crowd is‚ and what activities will surround
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Individuals use attitudes to evaluate things in their environment. However‚ when negative evaluations or attitudes are based on an individual’s group membership‚ this is known as prejudice (Crandall & Eshleman‚ 2003). For example‚ lab studies have shown a person who associate Black individuals with criminals are more likely to shoot a Black suspect compared to a White suspect (Correll‚ Judd‚ & Wittenbrink‚ 2002; Greenwald‚ Oakes‚ & Hoffman‚ 2003). The deleterious effects of prejudicial attitudes
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The experiment was based on the Theory of Realistic Conflict. The researchers extended the theory to an institutional setting where groups are not actively involved in the decisions‚ but are targets of the decisions made by the authority of the institution which is known as the rector. The negative interdependence between the in-group (psychology) and a high or low status out-group (engineering vs nursing students) was established by the rector. The results of the experiment was that the competition
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Abstract Constructing a cladogram to determine the related species and the evolutionary history. Five mammalian species‚ which are dog‚ cat‚ horse‚ opossum‚ and deer‚ are distributed into cladogram based on morphological character and molecular data. This allows identifying the relatedness of these species. By their appearances of structures and behaviors‚ the dog and cat eat meet while deer and horse eat plants. This prediction leads to the hypothesis that car and dog are close whereas deer
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comparison. In order for a clear and precise definition of a word‚ sometimes examples serve as a guide for a better understanding to more easily comprehend the full scope of the concept. In/Out group is tudied thoroughly in the book Perceptions of Ingroup and Outgroup Variability: A Meta-Analytic by Brian Mullen and Li-Tze Hu which demonstrates the psychological effects on the phenomenon. David G. Myers provides many examples of conformity and prejudice in an excerpt from his book Social Psychology that
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IB Psychology Revision Guide IB Psychology Revision Guide Core: Paper 1 -‐ First Exams 2011 Written by: Chris Ting 13H 3/23/11 Disclaimer Thank you for purchasing or using this guide for your revision purposes. I hope you find this guide useful and I hope it makes your Psychology revision a bit easier. This guide covers the core area of the Psychology syllabus‚
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White supremacy is an ideology that regards those of European descent to be superior to other races. In terms of the ingroup bias‚ this is an understandable thought to a certain extent. It follows Tajfel’s social identity theory in that white supremacists discriminate against people of color to positively enhance their own characteristics. After all‚ according to Sapolsky‚ it is human nature to root for those like yourself. But the racist ideology takes a dark turn when feelings of hatred and actions
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Social Identity Theory- Henri Tajfel: Father of the theory‚ French‚ jewish was part of the holocaust. Social identity theory seen as a way to explain the holocaust and how one group could turn on another Tajfel : “social identity will be understood as that part of the individuals’ self-concept which derives from their knowledge of their membership of a social group (groups) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership. not concerned with individual identity
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