Human skeletal muscle consists of hundreds of individual cylindrically shaped cells (called fibers or myofibers) bound together by connective tissue. In the body‚ these muscles are stimulated to contract by somatic motor nerves that carry signals in the form of nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord
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1. Sensation: the process by which sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment 2. Perception: the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information‚ enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events 3. Bottom-up Processing: analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information 4. Top- Down Processing: information processing guided by higher-level mental processes
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granules or bodies. Neurofibrils take part in transmission of impulse Nissls granules or bodies are irregular masses of rough endoplasmic reticulum on which free ribosomes and polysomes are attached. Nissls granules probably synthesize protein for the cell. b) Cytoplasmic processes or neuritis – They are of two types. 1. Dendrites or dendrons - They contain neurofibrils‚ neutubules and Nissls granules. They conduct nerve impulse towards the cell body and are called afferent processes (receiving
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May cause false negative result on allergy sin testing. May cause dizziness or drowsiness. condition necessitates ondansetron 4mg‚ PO‚ TAB‚ Q8hr‚ prn n/v Blocks the effects of serotonin at 5-HT3 – receptor sites located in the vagal nerve terminals and the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the CNS. Therapeutic effects: decreases severity of nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy or surgery. Prn Nausea/Vomiting Assess patient for nausea and vomiting‚ Assess patient for abdominal
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chemoreceptor trigger zone‚ impulses are relayed across the to the integrative vomiting centre‚ causing an initiation of the emetic reflex. Therefore it is not merely the chemoreceptor trigger zone that stimulates the vomiting itself‚ but the integrative vomiting centre that results in the act of emesis (Rang‚ H.P.‚ et al‚
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Picking up a box from the floor and placing it on a shelf Light entering the eye forms an upside-down image on the retina. The retina transforms the light into nerve signals for the brain. The brain then turns the image right-side up and tells us what we are seeing. Our brain then computes to pick up the box. When a message comes into the brain from anywhere in the body‚ the brain tells the body how to react. the brain as a central computer that controls all bodily functions‚ then the nervous
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the brain involved in sensory perception. To begin‚ energy from the environment stimulates the receptor cells in whichever sense organ is being used. If this information were auditory‚ the ear would convert sound waves in the air into electrical impulses that would further be interpreted by the brain as sound. A sound wave first enters the pinna‚ the fleshy part of the ear on the outside of the body. It then travels through the external auditory canal where it then meets the eardrum‚ a thin membrane
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Drugs and the nervous system Neurotransmitters within the body include excitatory and inhibitory‚ noradrenalin‚ dopamine‚ serotonin; acetylcholine and glutamate are examples of excitatory neurotransmitters. GABA and glycine are examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters. General anaesthetics General anaesthetics act mainly on the central nervous system to stop information processing; these may be given by inhalation or intravenously. Nitrous oxide or laughing gas is used in maintain anaesthesia
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Key Terms neurotransmitters acetylcholine dopamine serotonin norepinephrine endorphins Exercises 1. Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters is false? a. Neurotransmitters allow impulses to flow from one neuron to another. b. Neurotransmitters prevent impulses from flowing from one neuron to another. c. Neurotransmitters are stored in the cell bodies of neurons. d. Each neurotransmitter is associated with a unique receptor. e. Unused neurotransmitter are recycled
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blanks 61 True/False 62 Bibliography 64 Summary The nervous system is composed of all nerve tissues in the body. The functions of nerve tissue are to receive stimuli‚ transmit stimuli to nervous centers‚ and to initiate response. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and serves as the collection point of nerve impulses. The peripheral nervous system includes all nerves not in the brain or spinal cord and connects all parts of the body to the central nervous system
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