Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease‚ triggered by the host immune response to an array of periodontal biofilm-associated microorganisms‚ which ultimately leads to the inflammation of the tissues supporting the teeth. The initial host response to bacterial infection is a local inflammatory reaction that activates the innate immune system. An imbalance between biofilms and immune system results in over expression of an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines‚ propagation of inflammation through
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Thankfully‚ through our amazingly efficient immune system‚ within hours‚ sometimes minutes‚ of our initial inoculation by infection or foreign substances‚ our bodies mount a swift‚ tactical response. Proteins and white blood cells are beckoned to the battle by the sentinel cytokines which create a cascade of events to stop‚ surround and eliminate the enemy. The neutrophils‚ white blood cells born to fight and on continual alert in the blood stream and lymph system‚ line up like soldiers and migrate from
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development of inflammatory plaques on the skin (picture 1A-B). Although early concepts of the pathogenesis of psoriasis focused primarily on keratinocyte hyperproliferation‚ dysregulation of the immune system is now recognized as a critical event in this disease. The evolving knowledge of the role of the immune system in psoriasis has had a significant impact on treatment development. Many new and emerging therapeutic agents target specific immunologic aspects of psoriatic disease. (See"Treatment of psoriasis"
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the fact that the immune system of the children is not fully developed and also to the progressive deterioration‚ degradation and retrogression of the immune system of the elderly due to senescence. Malnutrition It is not surprising to see that majority of patient developing the clinical features of pulmonary tuberculosis are people that are undernourished (malnourished) since malnutrition can have adverse‚ even devastating effects upon the antigen-specific arms of the immune system‚ as well as on many
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identified by their ability to “naturally” kill tumour cells previously unrecognised by the host (Kiessling et al.‚ 1975)‚ these bone marrow-derived innate killers were later recognised as a sepa-rate lymphocyte lineage‚ obtaining both cytotoxicity and cytokine-producing effector functions (Trinchi-eri‚ 1989). NK cells circulate and patrol the blood system and are activated via cytokine signalling or up-on encountering target cells that express NK cell receptor ligands (Lanier‚ 2005). Lytic activity
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the ability of a strain of Staph aureus to excrete a protease that destroys Toll receptors contribute to the lethality of the strain? (10 pt) When pathogens such as Staph aureus are bound to toll receptors‚ it induces increasing in immune cells and activates several immune pathways such as inflammation and cell death. If the Staph aureus could excrete a protease that destroys Toll receptors‚ that toll receptors cannot induce the inflammatory response‚ which leads to the cell death of the bacterial
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Guide w/ Chapters 15‚ 16‚ 17 1) Innate Immunity (p.446): A defenses against pathogens that is present at birth. Two major lines of defense; 1. Physical : Skin (epidermis + dermis) and mucous membranes 2. Internal: Cell and chemicals that inactivate or kill invaders Adaptive immunity (p.446): The body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products. 2) Five attributes of adaptive immunity (p.471) 1. Specificity: When the immune response acts to one specific
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NEUTROPHILS & MACROPHAGES: Neutrophils & Macrophages play the main role in (SEEK AND DESTROY) the invading agents (microbes‚viruses and other injurious agents) NEUTROPHILS are mature cells that can SEEK AND DESTROY agents even in BLOOD ‚ MACROPHAGES begin their life as immature cells in blood called monocytes ‚ when they enter the tissues they swell and become mature and named MACROPHAGES which are extremely capable of SEEK AND DESTROY intratissue injurious agents. White Blood Cells Enter the
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Typhoid Mary Mary Mallon‚ now known as Typhoid Mary‚ seemed a healthy woman when a health inspector knocked on her door in 1907‚ yet she was the cause of several typhoid outbreaks. Since Mary was the first "healthy carrier" of typhoid fever in the United States‚ she did not understand how someone not sick could spread disease -- so she tried to fight back. After a trial and then a short run from health officials‚ Typhoid Mary was recaptured and forced to live in relative seclusion upon
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the environment [1]. Periodontitis is characterized by persistent inflammation‚ connective tissue breakdown‚ and alveolar destruction [2]. It is initiated by specific bacteria within the plaque biofilm and progresses due to an abnormal inflammatory immune response to those bacteria [3]. It is the major cause of tooth loss and is significantly associated with an increased risk of stroke [4]. Pockets form between teeth and gum‚ making anaerobic region where the presence of bacteria cause the destruction
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