A Prion is a normal protein that is found on the membranes of cells. The normal Prion protein (PrPC) consist mainly alpha helix rich 30-35kDa glycoprotein with 209 amino acid sequence and one disulfide bond (1). The disease causing form of normal prion protein named after scrapie (PrPSc) occurs when properly folded normal prion protein change its conformation. Although the exact tertiary structure of PrPSc still remains elusive but the previous studies have shown that the secondary structure of
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result in neuronal apoptosis‚ cell wall lipopolysaccharide‚ resulting in clotting leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Severe outcomes from the bacteria can be caused from an inflammation response. The cells that are innate and a part of the immune system of the brain found in the choroid plexus/BBB and ependymal identifies the bacteria secreting chemokines‚ complement‚ and cytokines attracting circulating granulocytes into the CSF. Macrophages and granulocytes are known to be strong
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perspective of ones life and finding the place where one feels important and is capable of flourishing helps control stress. Stress is dangerous when unattended but there are healthy ways of relieving stress and controlling it. Stress comes from the innate prehistoric fight or flight mechanism used by man in life threatening situations like being attacked by an animal or another person. Now that man rarely faces these life-threatening situations the fight or flight mechanism is never released or turned
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Chapter 33 notes: Intrinsic cellular defense against virus infection 1. Toll- like receptors sense virus infections a. Toll-like receptors (TRL) i. Located on the cell surface or in endosomal membranes = recognize conserved structures found in pathogens ii. Highly conserved receptors from flies humans iii. Most mammals have between 10-15 (humans = 10) iv. TLR – 2: lipoproteins/glycoproteins (mealsels‚ hepB‚ herpes) v. TLR– 3: dsRNA (west
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Metabolism 5. CV Sys.: Cardiac Cycle; Measuring Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output 6. Immune Sys.: Innate Host Defenses; Humoral Immunity; Cellular Immunity 7. Respiratory Sys.: Gas Exchange‚ Pulmonary Ventilation 8. Urinary Sys.: Glomerular Filtration; Early Filtrate Processing; Late Filtrate Processing 9. Fluid‚ Electrolyte‚ and Acid Base Balance: Body Fluids; Water Homeostasis; Elec. Homeostasis The Nervous System: The Action Potential 1. a. The action potential changes the membrane potential
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lymphocytes from the bone marrow and the lymphoid organs. The effector functions of antibodies are determined by the constant regions of the heavy chain. There are five different isotypes known in mammals to perform different roles and to direct a specific immune response for the antigen encountered. The binding of antigens to the variable regions will trigger the effector functions. Antibodies are only able to perform their functions upon entering the blood and the peripheral sites of infection. They prevent
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Robbins & Cotran Basis of Disease – 9th Edition Pg. 370-377 Mycobacteria Bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium are slender‚ aerobic rods that grow in straight or branching chains. Mycobacteria have a unique waxy cell wall composed of unusual glycolipids and lipids including mycolic acid‚ which makes them acid-fast‚ meaning they will retain stains even on treatment with a mixture of acid and alcohol. They are weakly gram positive. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is a serious chronic pulmonary and systemic
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Merck is a global research-driven pharmaceutical company dedicated to putting patients first. Merck’s highest priority areas are Alzheimer’s disease‚ atherosclerosis‚ cardiovascular disease‚ diabetes‚ novel vaccines‚ obesity‚ oncology‚ pain and sleep disorders. In addition‚ and importantly for licensing‚ the following other areas remain of high interest for focused investment in new compounds and mechanisms: antibiotics‚ antifungals‚ antivirals (HCV and HIV)‚ asthma‚ COPD‚ neurodegeneration‚ ophthalmology
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Microbiology‚ Test 3 Study Guide Chapters 14‚ 15‚ 16 and 17 Chapter 14 This chapter is about the principles of disease and epidemiology. Epidemiology – the science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted. CDC‚ Atlanta‚ tracks and traces diseases. ONE World (the idea that it’s all in one place‚ it could happen anywhere; locally‚ states‚ large counties track the incidences and occurrences of disease)
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Cells come from pre-existing cells via division Cells of all organisms fundamentally similar in structure‚ function‚ and metabolic functions Contain hereditary information passed down during cell division A cell’s volume increases faster than it’s surface area Less surface area = less are for nutrient/waste diffusion Solves via: Dividing‚ getting thinner‚ form microvilli‚ store nutrients (Microvilli – within small intestine) Cells are highly organized‚ 3 basic parts Plasma membrane Selective
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