binds to only their specific antigen. Antigens are defined as anything that makes the immune system respond by producing antibodies. They are often viruses‚ bacteria‚ or fungi‚ but can sometimes be dust‚ chemicals‚ pollen‚ or food proteins that cause allergic reactions. (Antigens that cause allergic reactions are called allergens). An epitope is the part of the antigen to which the antibody binds. Once the immune system has created and antibody for an antigen whose attack it has survived‚ it continues
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pathogens. It can also act by sabotaging the immune system by invading macrophages and preventing the formation of secondary particles. The disease is spread through the air from one person to another through coughing‚ sneezing‚ etc. It commonly is a pulmonary disease‚ attacking the lungs‚ but can also spread to a variety of other places such as the kidney or brain. It can remain latent for extended periods of time‚ surfacing when the immune system is compromised for a variety of reasons.
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1. Explain what clonal selection theory is and its role in humoral or antibody-mediated immunity. Clonal selection theory is a rationalization for the growth of lymphocyte specificity and diversity during immune development. This theory demonstrates how immunological memory can deliver a fast reaction when coming into contact with an antigen that has been seen for the second time. Specifically‚ the clonal selection theory is based on the concept that premature‚ undifferentiated lymphocytes in the
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you have AIDS. Having AIDS usually means that you are HIV positive. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) basically breaks down your immune system until it can’t function properly anymore. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) never really kills anyone; instead it is a disease like pneumonia or something like that‚ that the body cannot fight because its immune system is very weak. The first reported case of AIDS in the United States was in 1981. Nearly 900‚000 American citizens have the HIV virus
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Autoimmune disorder case study Autoimmune diseases: An autoimmune disease is any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues or normal cells by mistake; the body fails to tell the difference between self and non-self. There are several dozen kinds of autoimmune diseases‚ risk factors depend somewhat on the particular illness. In general‚ researchers have found strong links
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infants and elderly people. This is due to infants immune systems not being fully developed and the elderly’s being weakened. Undeveloped or weak immune systems can’t contain the spread of the bacteria as well as a healthy one. A healthy immune response to tuberculosis would involve the body creating a wall around the bacteria. Then the body encases the surrounded bacteria in scar tissue to prevent the spread of the disease. These sac-like immune defense structures the body forms are known as tubercles
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Heart transplants In this paper about heart transplants I will be talking about the operation‚ and what needs to happen before surgery. Then I will be telling you about the beginning of all transplants and who accomplished it. Then I will talk about what a heart transplant actually is. After that I will tell you what the purpose of a heart transplant is and why we use this procedure. I will talk about the safety precautions and a lot of other dangers‚ or things that can go wrong in or after
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By John Nassivera | Apr 29‚ 2014 05:20 PM EDT Researchers from Harvard University’s Wyss Institute for Biology Inspired Engineering have created a cloaked DNA nanodevice that can avoid defenses in the body’s immune system. The technology’s design was given inspiration from world viruses‚ according to Gizmag. The nanoscale device could be used for diagnosing cancer and improving treatment targets to certain areas of tissue. A method called "DNA origami" was used
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Allergen Immunotherapy Allergies are annoying‚ inconvenient and can even be deadly‚ but what is an allergy? An allergy is: “a response to certain substances – called allergens – by the immune system that is considered abnormal” (1) though very little is known about why people developed allergies; we do have a number of treatments available. There are different treatments available for different allergy symptoms. For example‚ a person experiencing breathing troubles due to an allergic reaction
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discussed in terms of each category’s action of stopping the acute rejection. Acute rejection will also be researched in order to better understand which immunosuppressive drug will intervene the rejection process and where. The purpose of the immune system in comparison to the purpose of immunosuppressive drugs will be compared; the immunosuppressive drugs leave the body defenseless. However despite the downsides to immunosuppressive‚ emphasis will be shown to the importance of immunosuppressive
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