The Endocrine System FOCUS: The endocrine system is one of the major regulatory systems in the body‚ along with the nervous system. However‚ the endocrine system responds more slowly‚ and has a longer-lasting‚ more general effect on the body than the nervous system. Endocrine tissues internally produce hormones which are released into the blood‚ where they are carried to target tissue and produce a response. Some hormones bind to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane‚ producing permeability
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Homeostasis What is it? Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment The human body is constantly responding to internal and external factors in order to maintain relative stability within the body Homeostasis is vital to the body as a whole‚ right down to each individual cell. If homeostasis is not maintained at the cellular level this will affect the body as a whole. History Claude Bernard (1813-1878): consistency of internal environment is the condition for free life.
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hormone that contributes to the Homeostatic System. The sensor detects increase in blood glucose level above the set point of 5mM and secrete the hormone insulin‚ a chemical messenger that travels through the blood vessels. When there is an increase in blood glucose levels‚ the beta cells found in the pancreas are the ones which secrete insulin. Although the body cells such as fat cells act as an effector and absorb some of the glucose as the cell membranes become more permeable (more porous)‚ enabling
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excessive urination and the word ‘mellitus’ means honey. Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong condition caused by a lack‚ or insufficiency of insulin. Insulin is a hormone – a substance of vital importance that is made by your pancreas. Insulin acts like a key to open the doors into your cells‚ letting glucose in. In diabetes‚ the pancreas makes too little insulin to enable all the sugar in your blood to get into your muscle and other cells to produce energy. If sugar can’t get into the cells to be used
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Problem Set 1 1. Explain lipoprotein physiology and metabolism (Chapter 15). - Lipoproteins are a biochemical formation that aid with the transporting of lipids. The four major pathways include Lipid absorption pathway‚ exogenous pathway‚ endogenous pathway and reverse cholesterol transport pathway. All of these pathways are dependent on a particular particle know as apo-B that contains lipoproteins which‚ functions as a transport for dietary and Hepatic lipids to the outer layers of the cells
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Understand the functioning of the body systems associated with energy metabolism Role of energy in the body Lindsey Dickinson Metabolic rate The term‚ ’Metabolism‚’ refers to the entire range of biochemical processes that happen within a person or living organism. Metabolism is something that consists of both. Aerobic metabolism converts one glucose molecule
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for monitoring the blood glucose levels. The alpha-cells of the Islets of Langerhans release glucagons when glucose levels are low. Glucagons promote the conversion of glycogen into glucose; the lack of glucose can then be compensated for by the new supply of glucose brought about from glucagons. The beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans release insulin when the levels of glucose in the blood is high. Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen and this can be stored in the liver for later
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Question: Describe five different organelles and their functions. Explain the similarity and differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic. All eukaryotic cells‚ whether from animals‚ plants‚ protists‚ and fungi‚ are fundamentally similar to one another but different from prokaryotic cell. A eukaryotic cell contains various other organelles‚ which perform specific functions in the cell. These organelles can be organized into few basic functional groups such as genetic control‚ distribution
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Chapter 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System Lecture Outline Overview: The Body’s Long-Distance Regulators An animal hormone is a chemical signal that is secreted into the circulatory system that communicates regulatory messages within the body. A hormone may reach all parts of the body‚ but only specific target cells respond to specific hormones. A given hormone traveling in the bloodstream elicits specific responses from its target cells‚ while other cell types ignore that particular
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) corticotropin Prolactin (PRL) Growth hormone (GH) Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Stimulates growth and energy metabolism requires intermediary proteins called somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors Stimulates breast development and promotes and maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth. It may stimulate testerone production in males. Influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland
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