BIOSENSORS ADVANCED BIOREPORTER TECHNOLOGIES FOR TARGETED SENSING OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS Steven Ripp and Gary S. Sayler Introduction Bioreporters refer to intact‚ living microbial cells that have been genetically engineered to produce a measurable signal in response to a specific chemical or physical agent in their environment (Figure 1). Bioreporters contain two essential genetic elements‚ a promoter gene and a reporter gene. The promoter gene is turned on (transcribed) when the
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nowadays many people‚ particularly young people prefer to eat junk food such as hamburger‚ pizza or fried chicken. One way to decide between junk food and healthy food is to compare them on important points. Healthy foods are foods with their nutrients intact and a minimum of toxins. The best foods have no ingredient list. An apple is just that‚ an apple. The more healthy foods that are in your diet‚ the better. There are many reasons why everyone should eat healthier foods especially before work and
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starting molecules consist of the biological molecules with carbohydrates (monosaccharides) as the first choice. The order of use is given below. a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids³acetyl CoA (via beta oxidation)³ enters Krebs at the start site c. Proteins³amino acids-³ enters glycolysis‚ transitional step or Krebs (point of entry is determine the carbon chain) d. Nucleotides³five carbon sugars³ six carbon sugars
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The goal was to simulate the earliest organism in existence. Theories for the origin of life has been around since the beginning of civilization. However‚ It was Charles Darwin who first introduced a biologically possible theory that is still intact today. Darwin suggested that life grew in a "warm little pond" of organic chemicals that‚ over a long period of time‚ gave life to the first organisms. As this theory evolved‚ the pond became an ocean. In a breakthrough experiment conducted by Stanley
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Eukaryotic cells have numerous mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogens. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against these pathogens. Pattern associated molecular factors (PAMPs) are viral factors including proteins‚ lipids‚ and viral nucleic acids that are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) within the cell. During viral infection‚ PAMPs accumulate in different cellular components and once recognized by the PRRs activate the intracellular signaling pathways
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size. C) Normal blood is less viscous than water and has a neutral pH. D) A and B are correct. E) A‚ B and C are correct. 3) Each of the following is a constituent of plasma EXCEPT A) water B) proteins C) formed elements D) nutrients E) gases 4) Which of the following are plasma proteins made by the liver? A)
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Essential topics: Differentiation- how do cells change into different cell types? Morphogenesis- “ know how to organize functional structures? Growth- “ when to stop dividing? Reproduction- “ achieve “immortality” Evolution- How do changed in development create new body forms over time? Role of environment in development 08/27/13 Class- 1 Life Cycle: A central unit in biology Epigenisis: New organisms are generated from somewhat disorganized cytoplasm and reorganized DNA. Preformation
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immune system. There are 2 types of lymph cells: T cells and B cells. When B cells respond to an infection‚ they change into plasma cells. The plasma cells are found mainly in the bone marrow—the soft‚ inner part of some bones. The plasma cells make proteins called antibodies that attack and help kill germs. When plasma cells grow out of control‚ they can form a tumor‚ usually in the bone marrow. This type of tumor is called a myeloma‚ and if there are many tumors they are called multiple myeloma. If
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During apoptosis‚ cell size decreases and the nucleus undergoes fragmentation while the plasma membrane and cellular contents remain intact. Necrosis is unregulated while apoptosis may be induced to get rid of unwanted cells. Necrosis can affect entire organs including the kidneys‚ heart‚ pancreas‚ adrenal glands‚ and many more. Necrosis may cause dead brain tissue‚ fat‚ lower leg tissue
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describe their chemical composition and use a simple model to describe their specificity on substrates. Enzymes are protein molecules that allow the body to engage in chemical reactions‚ such as metabolism. There activities can be catalytic (being able to control the rate of either increasing/decreasing chemical reaction) Enzymes have a specific shape‚ and this shape must be intact‚ otherwise the effectiveness of their function will decrease. The shape may deform due to PH or temperature levels
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