Chapter 7 same number of valence electrons=behave similarly(chemical properties) ▪ neon gases (neon‚ argon) unreactive in chemical reactions(stable) ▪ Gilbert Lewis-octet rule(atoms tend to achieve electron configuration of gas) ▪ atoms of metallic atoms lose electrons‚ atoms of nonmetal atoms lose or share electrons with another nonmetal elements to achieve a complete octet ▪ to achieve octet‚ change electrons to ge ns2 np6 configuration ▪ remove electrons=ionization ▪ metals in group
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decades‚ and centuries go by we get a better understanding of the atom and what it looks like. The Atomic Model has changed drastically based on the understanding we have on it‚ each new model has added more information to what we know about it‚ making it easier for scientists and the world to understand. The Atomic Model is a very important part of Science and Chemistry‚ it helps explain the structure and what is inside the atom‚ the particle that all things‚ people‚ and places are made up of. The
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terms below‚ you are prepared for an exam. You need to spend time with your lecture notes‚ and prepare your own review questions in addition to the ones provided here. WHITE 301 General Themes and Topics Atoms‚ Elements and Molecules (Chapter 2) Describe the general structure of an atom and define atomic number‚ atomic mass‚ valence electrons‚ and isotopes. Atomic number – the # of protons in the nucleus Atomic mass – the number of protons and neutrons Valence electrons – the number of electrons
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Gizmo Warm-up Just like students sharing markers‚ atoms sometimes share or swap electrons. By doing this‚ atoms form bonds. The Ionic Bonds Gizmo™ allows you to explore how ionic bonds form. To begin‚ check that Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) are selected from the menus at right. Click Play ([pic]) to see electrons orbiting the nucleus of each atom. (Note: These atom models are simplified and not meant to be realistic.) 1. Each atom consists of a central nucleus and several shells that contain
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COE CHEMONE Reviewer for CHEMONE Finals Rules for Counting Significant Figures 1. Nonzero integers. Nonzero integers always count as significant figures. 2. Zeros. There are three classes of zeros: a. Leading zeros are zeros that precede all the nonzero digits. These do not count as significant figures. In the number 0.0025‚ the three zeros simply indicate the position of the decimal point. This number has only two significant figures. Note that the number 1.00 _ 102 above is written in exponential
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molecules in liquid state‚ therefore is not an electrical conductor 1 1993 - 4(a) Marking Scheme (i) Group II/ 2 Because W has 2 electrons in its outer/ outermost shell/ W is magnesium (Mg) 1 1 (ii) (1) X is the cation/ an ion of W/ W and X are atom and ion of the same element 1 (2) Oxidation of W‚ e.g.‚ reacting W with dil. acid/ reacting W steam/ burning of W in air/ reacting W with chlorine 1 (iii) (1) 1 (2) Yes‚ because Y and Z have the same electron structure/ are the same element/
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Assignment Chapter 2 Concept Explorations 2.25. Average Atomic Mass Part 1: Consider the four identical spheres below‚ each with a mass of 4.00 g. a. Calculate the average mass of a sphere in this sample. (4.00 + 4.00 + 4.00 + 4.00)/4= 16.00/4= 4.00g Part 2: Now consider a sample that consists of four spheres‚ each with a different mass: blue mass is 4.00 g‚ red mass is 3.75 g‚ green mass is 3.00 g‚ and yellow mass is 1.25 g. * a. Calculate the average mass of a sphere in this sample
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Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Along with nuclear dynamics problem‚ electronic structure problem is one of the two steps to study quantum mechanical motion of a molecular system. Except for a small number of simple problems such as hydrogen-like atoms‚ the solution of electronic structure problems require modern computers. Electronic structure problem is routinely solved with quantum chemistry computer programs. Electronic structure calculations rank among the most computationally intensive tasks
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2 The Components of Matter Elements‚ Compounds‚ and Mixtures: An Atomic Overview An element consists of only one kind of atom. An element is one kind of substance – the composition is fixed. Each element is unique because the properties of its atoms are unique. Molecules are structures containing two or more atoms chemically bound together. Diatomic molecules are two-atom molecules such as elemental oxygen. A compound is a type of matter in which two or more different elements are chemically bonded
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STRUCTURE OF ATOMS -arrangement of atoms’ electrons -the number of electrons in an atom -distribution of electrons around the nucleus and their energies • ATOMS *Billiard Ball Model (JOHN DALTON) *Plum Pudding Model (JOSEPH J. THOMPSON) *RUTHERFORD’s Model of Atom -atoms are tiny‚ hard‚ indivisible spheres -electrons (negative charge) occupy the atom - Atom is mostly empty space with a dense nucleus • PROBLEMS with Rutherford’s Model *According to laws of physics‚ Rutherford’s atom should
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