………………………………………………………………………………2 2.1 The Principal-Agent-Theory 2 2.2 Application of Principal-Agent logics to Bureaucracies 3 2.3 Hypotheses 4 2.3.1 Efficiency 4 2.3.2 Depoliticization 5 2.3.3 Shifting responsibilities 6 2.3.4 Decreased likelihood of policy adoption 6 2.3.3 Control variables 6 3. Methods and data 7 3.1 Data 7 3.2. Operationalization of dependent variable 7 3.3 Operationalization of independent and control variables 8 3.4 Method 8 4. Analysis and results 9 4.1
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and those who lived in the mid-west were subject to regular dust storms and droughts that amplified the suffering compared to those who lived elsewhere 1 . The president at the time‚ Herbert Hoover‚ was struggling to alleviate the great depression with some programs that resembled what FDR later expanded on. Hoover’s economic policies‚ were seen in the public as hurting‚ or at least not helping the economy during the great depression 2
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effects of low interest rates on consumption and investment Dec 1st 2012 | from The Economist print edition WHEN interest rates hit double digits in the late 1970s‚ house-builders sent planks of wood to the Federal Reserve in protest. With rates stuck near zero‚ the protests now come from the opposite direction. The retired complain of a “war on savings”. The Fed cut rates to current levels at the end of 2008 and has promised to keep them there until 2015. Since 2008‚ personal interest income has plunged
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HOW GROUP-THINK MAKES KILLERS? SUMMARY The article starts by describing the setting in which an experiment‚ which was designed by psychologist Philip G. Zimbardo of the University of Stanford was conducted. The experiment involved college students who are to be divided into two groups -- one‚ the prison guards‚ and two‚ the inmates. However‚ six days after the experiment started‚ the experiment had to be stopped due to the abusive and sadistic behavior of the prison guards towards the inmates
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The First Continental Congress The First Continental Congress was held on September 5‚ 1774‚ at Philadelphia’s Carpenter’s Hall to protest the Intolerable Acts. Benjamin Franklin wanted to hold this meeting earlier‚ but because the Boston Port was closed from the Boston Tea Party‚ not many people supported it. When they actually got started‚ twelve out of the thirteen colonies (Georgia did not) sent some representatives. The sessions were held until late October. All the Americans who supported
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Page 32 Groups and Group Behavior Dr. I. Chaneta Faculty of Commerce University of Zimbabwe ABSTRACT Groups and teams are a major feature of organizational life. The work organization and its sub-units are made of‚ are groups of people. Most activities of the organization require at least some degree of co-ordination through the operation of groups and teamwork. An understanding of the nature of groups is vital if the manager is to influence the behavior of people in the work situation
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foreign policy. The founding fathers intended the president not to initiate war but be a commander in chief and could only respond to an attack. They intended Congress to be proactive and initiate military action and that the president is reactive and supervises military action. An imperial president would misuse‚ abuse and ignore these powers. An imperiled presidency is virtually the opposite and is a term used when the president cannot act effectively due to continuous conflict with Congress. At
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Charles Darwin’s Work and discoveries‚ a Turning Point in History “In the long history of man kind (animal kind too)‚ those who learn to collaborate and improvise most effectively have prevailed” (Darwin). This is a quote from Charles Darwin that refers to many things; science‚ social darwinism‚ and imperialism. Charles Darwin was an important scientist and naturalist that lived in the 19th century in England. Charles Darwin’s books‚ primarily “The Origin of the Species”‚ and his discoveries
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Supreme Court justices are aware of the fact that Congress is in the position to overturn or modify one of their rulings‚ and in order to preemptively prevent that‚ they are working in a way that moves their decisions closer to Congress without upsetting their own preferences‚ while simultaneously‚ not to garner hostile action. Justices should pick battles in accordance with the political conditions that are most favorable to their desired outcome‚ and not whether an individual litigant chooses to
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agreed upon whether leadership arises from a set of innate characteristics ("leaders are born") or‚ rather‚ from observable actions ("leaders are made"). Some basic leadership qualities‚ however‚ seem almost universal‚ no matter the leader or type of group they head: Good communication skills‚ the ability to constructively deal with a variety of personalities‚ and the mental toughness to shoulder responsibility and weather criticism. Certain personality traits are also required‚ such as‚ having a sense
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