Chapter 8 The cellular Basis of Reproduction Inheritance Rain Forest Rescue • Scientists in Hawaii are attempting to "rescue" endangered species from extinction by promoting reproduction • Reproduction is one phase of an organism’s life cycle – Sexual reproduction • Fertilization of sperm and egg produces Offspring – Asexual reproduction • Offspring are produced by a single parent‚ without the participation of sperm and egg
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Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do. It is present in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of every cell‚ and essentially all the physiological mechanisms that require energy for operation obtain it directly from the stored ATP. (Guyton) As food in the cells is gradually oxidized‚ the released energy is used to re-form the ATP so
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separate. • Telophase I - The spindle microtubule appartus begins to disappear/disintegreate‚ the nucleus membrane reforms around chromosomes • Cytokenesis I - The cell divides along the equator‚ creating 2 haploid daughter cells A brief period of Interphase usually occurs between Meisois I and II‚ in which the cell grows‚ and DNA is replicated to prepare for meiosis. Meiosis 2: • Prophase II - sister chromatids pair up and attach to the spindle microtubule apparatus. • Metaphase II - sister chromatids
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from the sex organs (ovaries/testes in animals) during Interphase I Homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad Single chromosome Early Prophase I Late Prophase I Telophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I 1. According to Model 1‚ in what type of organs are the cells that enter meiosis I found? 2. Considering what you already know about mitosis in cells‚ what event must take place during interphase before a cell proceeds to division? Meiosis 1 3
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Unit 3 Lecture Study Guide 1. List the 4 primary tissue types and give the general characteristics and functions of each one. a. Epithelium - 1) It protects us from the outside world – skin. 2) Absorbs – stomach and intestinal lining (gut). 3) Filters – the kidney. 4) Secretes – forms glands. Characteristics (Traits): 1) Closely attached to each other forming a protective barrier. 2) Always has one free (apical) surface open to outside the body or inside (cavity) an
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In prokaryotes‚ it’s easier to make DNA replication because of the lack of a nucleus‚ but to do DNA replication in a eukaryotic cell is more difficult. DNA of an eukaryotic cell is in chromatin form to fit into the small nucleus for the replication to occur‚ first the DNA should open. This is because it is harder for eukaryotes to carry out DNA synthesis. Replication of DNA in a prokaryote is different from a eukaryote. In a prokaryote they have a single origin where the replication process starts
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each new cell contain the same gentic information. If meiosis did not occur the reproduction would cease to exist. Mitosis is the process of chromosomes dividing. There are four steps that it goes through. Between cell division the cells are in interphase. During this there is cell growth and the genetic material such as DNA is contained in the chromosomes‚ duplicated so that when the cell divides each new cell has a full version of the same genetic material. First is prophase‚ which the chromosomes
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P53 is a tumor suppressor gene‚ which usually stops cell division from occurring. This gene is very important during the G1/S checkpoint because it stops cell division from occurring if damaged or dangerous genetic material (DNA) is found. It then signals for enzymes‚ which are used to repair the damaged component of the DNA‚ which then allows cells with repaired DNA to divide. When DNA can’t be repaired‚ then the cell goes under apoptosis (death of the cell). However when this gene is turned
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Steven Chau Jason Ly Thompson Wu I. Title : Observing Mitosis – Onion Root Tip and Whitefish Blastula V. Observations: 175 cells 1. What percentage of the cells in the field of view is going through mitosis? 10% Relative Duration of Each Phase of Mitosis – Onion Root Tip Phase of Mitosis Count Percentage Time (min.) Prophase 3 14% 11 Metaphase 2 9% 7 Anaphase 5 23% 19 Telophase 12 54% 43 Total 22 100% 80
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Bio 93 Review Sheet: 1. Understand all the THEMES presented in the introductory lecture (lec 1). 2. What is an open system? Energy in and out‚ comes in and leaves as heat 3. What are the 4 most important elements in the human body? C‚ O‚ N‚ H 4. Draw the periodic square for Helium. How many valence electrons does it have? How do you figure this out using the periodic table? Two valence e-‚ 23He‚ all the way right full shell only holds two electrons 5. What is an isotope? How are they used
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