Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides are a class of compounds where a halogen atom or atoms are bound to an sp3 orbital of an alkyl group. CHCl3 (Chloroform: organic solvent) CF2Cl2 (Freon-12: refrigerant CFC) CF3CHClBr (Halothane: anesthetic) Halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon atoms‚ and so the C-Hal bond is polarized. H H μ C + C-l δ δ H The C-X bond is polarized in such a way that there is partial positive charge on the carbon and partial negative charge on the halogen. Dipole moment
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Synthesis of Phenols You can prepare phenols in large quantities by the pyrolysis of the sodium salt of benzene sulfonic acid‚ by the Dow process‚ and by the air oxidation of cumene. Each of these processes is described below. You can also prepare small amounts of phenol by the peroxide oxidation of phenylboronic acid and the hydrolysis of diazonium salts. Pyrolysis of sodium benzene sulfonate In this process‚ benzene sulfonic acid is reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resulting salt
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chlorate ions in bleach?’ Aim: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the optimum temperature storage conditions of bleach’s stored at different temperatures. Introduction: Chlorine bleaches are made by dissolving chlorine in sodium hydroxide solution. They have a number of uses as they are used to remove colors‚ whiten or disinfectant via oxidation. Many bleaches have strong bactericidal properties‚ and are used for disinfecting and sterilizing as they contain chlorate ions. Sodium Thiosulphate
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Anthony Young Partner: Nick Dale TA: Alekhya 6/15/15 The SN2 Reaction: Factors Affecting SN2 Reaction. Introduction In the substitution reactions‚ the leaving group from the substrate is replaced with the nucleophile. Because of the nucleophile it is called nucleophilic substitution. The lone pair of electrons‚ present on the nucleophile is used to create a new bond with the carbon atom‚ from which the leaving group was separated. There are two different mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution: SN1
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decomposed in the process. Electrode a rod or plate where electricity enters or leaves electrolyte during electrolysis. Reactions occur at electrodes. Discharge the removal of electrons from negative ions to form atoms or the gain of electrons of positive ions to become atoms. Anode positive electrode connected to positive terminal of d.c. source. Oxidation occurs here. Anode loses negative charge as electrons flow towards the battery‚ leaving anode positively
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In acidic solution‚ iodide ions should be oxidized by the hypochlorite ions to iodine and therefore gave a purple black color. The result of this experiment was not very satisfactory‚ although the reaction was carefully controlled so that the temperature was kept more or less at 40oC. First of all
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Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions). The nomenclature‚ or naming‚ of ionic compounds is based on the names of the component ions. Here are the principal naming conventions for ionic compounds‚ along with examples to show how they are used: Roman NumeralsA Roman numeral in parentheses‚ followed by the name of the element‚ is used for elements that can form more than one positive ion. This is usually seen with metals. You can use a chart to see
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Applications of Le Châtelier’s Principle (September 11 - 15‚ 2014) **The purpose of this experiment was to visually observe the effects of how changing certain aspects of the reaction affected the observed equilibrium. PROCEDURE: Introductory activity Part A: Effect of Concentration: Two different temperature water baths were created‚ one at 65-70oC‚ the other ice‚ and set aside for Part B. 20 mL of potassium thiocyanate solution were poured into a petri dish. The initial color and all subsequent
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as proteins and polysaccharides(starch) that have dimensions significantly greater than the pore diameter of the dialysis tubing can pass through the tubings and they are retained inside the tubings.Smaller molecules such as water molecules and iodide ions are small enough to pass through the pores. The left-handed dialysis tubing contains 20%sucrose and iodine solution .The right-handed dialysis tubing contained 5% starch solution . The two entire dialysis tubings are submerged in distilled water
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August 28‚ 2009 [PROBLEM SET FROM R. CHANG TEST BANK] Chapter 16 Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: A table of ionization constants and Ka’s is required to work some of the problems in this chapter. 1. In which one of the following solutions will acetic acid have the greatest percent ionization? A. B. C. D. 2. Which one of the following is a buffer solution? A. B. C. D. E. 3. 0.40 M HCN and
Free PH Buffer solution Sodium hydroxide