Lab: Ionic and Covalent Bonds Objectives • Understand the differences between ionic and covalent bonds. • Connect ionic and covalent bonds with physical properties of matter. Introduction Sugar and salt look so similar that most people cannot tell them apart without tasting them. Chemically‚ white refined table sugar‚ sucrose‚ and salt are very different. An ionic bond between a positive sodium ion and a negative chloride ion creates a molecule of sodiumchloride (NaCl). Covalent bonds between
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Thermite Background: Thermite is a powder made from aluminum powder and a metal oxide [usually iron oxide (Fe2O3‚ known as rust)]. The thermite reaction is a redox reaction‚ where Aluminum reduces the oxide of another metal. For example‚ when using iron oxide (as I did) the equation would be Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) -> Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(l). Black or blue iron oxide (Fe3O4) could also be used. Other examples of possible oxides are manganese thermite (MnO2)‚ Cr2O3‚ and copper thermite (CuO). Aluminum can
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Writing Practical Reports Aim: To observe what happens during and after a chemical reaction. Equipment: Concentrated nitric acid in a glass dropping bottle Small pieces of Copper 250ml Beaker 2 M Lead nitrate in a dropping bottle 2 M Potassium iodide in a dropping bottle 2 M Copper sulfate in a dropping bottle 2 M Sodium hydroxide in a dropping bottle 2 M Hydrochloric acid in a dropping bottle 4 Pyrex test tubes Test tube rack Spatula Bunsen burner‚ gauze
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Lab Report Ionic and Covalent Bonds Lab: Ionic and Covalent Bonds Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to explore the properties of chemical substances that can be used to identify the types of bonds in a chemical substance using a laboratory procedure. The two types of bonds being identified were ionic and covalent. Based on a substance’s properties‚ how can you determine whether its bonds are ionic or covalent? This is the question I posed before starting the experiment.
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The environmental factors that effected the rate of enzyme reactions were the enzyme concentration‚ pH‚ and temperature. These environmental factors help enzymes break down the poisonous chemicals into harmless substance. When we tested the liver with 2ml of hydrogen peroxide for a normal reaction it showed that it was exothermic. We added more hydrogen peroxide and the reaction rate of the liver was 3. We learned that the catalase is reusable because the liver reacted both times when we put in
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which complexes with the sulfide radical to create an H2S2•- species.2 This type of reaction can continue to create polysulfide chains.2 Lastly‚ type III reactions
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EXPERIMENT # 14: Exothermic and endothermic reactions Date: 25/06/2012 Name: Meagen Reyes Year 11 PARTS A‚ B and C * For the procedures and equipment needed in these experiments‚ refer to page 73-74 in the STAWA Exploring chemistry stage 2 book Part A: solution process (dissociation) Solutions and their chemical equations | Initial temperature (in Celsius) | Final temperature (in Celsius) | Classification(exothermic or endothermic) | Sodium hydroxide NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + Energy
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If pH > pI‚ then the protein will have a negative charge and if pH < pI‚ the protein will have a positive charge. Buffer I has a pH >5‚ meaning both proteins carry a negative charge and bind to the DEAE (a positively charged resin). (b) pH = pKa + log10(Base/Acid) [Base = mM of sodium acetate; Acid = mM of acetic acid] = 4.7 + log10 (40/40) = 4.7 In order for the catalase to elute from the column‚ it must have lost its negative charge and stopped binding to the DEAE. Lowering the pH
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Introduction DNA‚ or deoxyribonucleic acid‚ is a double stranded helical structure used to store genetic information in cellular organisms. DNA usually consists of two strands made up of nucleotides‚ each with a backbone of repeating units of phosphate groups and the sugar‚ deoxyribose‚ bonded by phosphodiester linkages. Since the deoxyribose has a specific orientation‚ DNA molecules have directionality so that DNA sequences are read 5’ to 3’. The 5’ end of DNA is characterized by the deoxyribose
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1: INTRODUCTION When studying the function of catalysts in reactions during the kinetics unit‚ I was eager to know more about the position of enzymes‚ which function as biological catalysts in biological systems. After doing some further research‚ I found that catalase‚ an enzyme‚ which is found in nearly all living organisms such as animals‚ catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the blood. H2O2 is produced by reactions in the white blood cells in our body to fight against diseases
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