society and the massive strides made in gender equality in the past few decades‚ the definition of masculinity in both societies has remained remarkably similar. Masculinity in both modern America and the Igbo tribe circa 1930 is associated with aggression‚ dominance‚ displays of physical and mental resilience‚ a resistance to emotion‚ and the ability to provide for one’s family - although the extent to which these characteristics are displayed has changed over the decades‚ the basic standards remain
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1) The Drive Reduction Theory states that some motivations are innate and unlearned. 2) Homeostasis refers to the process of becoming the best person you can become & developing to your fullest potential. 3) A need is an aroused state that occurs due to some physiological need. 4) The Yerkes- Dodson Law states that performance is best under the conditions of high arousal; since we are most focused and alert at these times. 5) Overlearning refers to the fact that when we perform a task over
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Amidst an interlude in the fierce struggle for power between the two dominant Greek poleis‚ Athens and Sparta‚ the Peloponnesian war‚ there was unrest. Despite the Peace of Nicias‚ belligerence between the two states did not cease‚ but rather took on a new face. While careful to remain within the parameters set several years before in the peace treaty‚ Athens moved cautiously‚ but aggressively in establishing alliances‚ albeit coerced‚ and strengthening its empire. It was at this juncture that it
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What distinguishes Scientific Psychology from Common-Sense or Popular Psychology? In your essay give at least one example of an investigation in psychology of a scientific nature and the reasons why this investigation can be considered to be a scientific contribution. The scientific method is the way that scientific psychologists gain knowledge about behaviour and the mental processes. The scientific method is a general approach to gaining knowledge through observations and the collection of data
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on an island with no supervision. Through the pros and cons of an island lacking guidance‚ the boys will discover how powerful the evil inside them can truly be. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies‚ the decline in civilization stems from the innate evil within all humans due to the children’s newfound savagery‚ demonstrating that humans are always conflicting with the evil they are capable of possessing. The boys’ savage new ways have conquered the tribe and are the inception of their decline
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threaten the achievement of proximity‚ such as separation‚ insecurity and fear. Bowlby also postulated that the fear of strangers represents an important survival mechanism‚ built in by nature. Babies are born with the tendency to display certain innate behaviours (called social releasers) which help ensure proximity and contact with the mother or mother figure (e.g. crying‚ smiling‚ crawling‚ etc.) – these are species-specific behaviours. During the evolution of the human species‚ it would have
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instinctive/innate behaviour. Ethologist Konrad Lorenz demonstrated the power of instinct when he was able to get young geese to imprint on him. He noted that geese would form an attachment to the first moving thing they encountered after they had hatched which would usually have been the mother. Instead Lorenz ensured that he was the first moving thing they encountered; the geese became attached and imprinted on him.
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References: Agnew‚ R. (1992). Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency. Criminology. 30(1)‚ 47-87. Bandura‚ Albert (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Engle-wood Cliffs‚ NJ: Prentice Hall. Beccaria‚ C. (1963). "On Crimes and Punishments." New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Christiansen‚ O.‚ K Darwin‚ C. (1859) On the origin of species. London: John Murray. Retrieved: 2/6/12
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that the person‚ the situation and the person’s behavior are in continuous interaction. According to Bandura‚ observational learning is that behavior which is learned by observing others. He also believes that it’s impossible that behavior could be learnt without the mediation of social influences such as verbal instructions and practical demonstrations. When discussing this type of learning‚ we need to consider the different role players that take place. The most important figures in observational
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Cited: in Gerry‚K.et alt 1996) There are three core concepts in social learning‚ first learning through observation‚ mental state is essential part of the process and the theory also recognises that just because something is learnt doesn’t mean it will result in a change in behaviour.(cited in Burns 1995)Positive reinforcement is far more effective than negative reinforcement. Bandura believed that observation and direct reinforcement could account for all types of learning
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