Behaviourist approach 1.a) Outline two assumptions of the Behaviourist approach [4 marks] One assumption of the behaviourist approach is classical conditioning‚ where behaviours are learnt through association. This assumption was developed by a psychologist called Pavlov‚ through his research into dogs. After conditioning the neutral stimulus (the bell)‚ it produced a conditioned response‚ (salivation). This is because the dog had associated the bell with food. Another assumption of the behaviourist
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Antonio was taken to the hospital with a severe case of the flu at a young age‚ now he feels ill when he is near or visiting the hospital. This is known as classical conditioning – an association between involuntary reactions to certain stimuli. Antonio was hospitalized for the flu (unconditioned response) and as a way for his body to protect itself from injury or illness‚ the sight of the hospital (conditioned stimulus) makes him nauseous (conditioned response). The hospital‚ which is the unconditioned
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Pavlov summarised his findings by explaining that Classical Conditioning is the combining unconditioned stimulus with neutral stimulus and seeing the subject of the study learn to associate the NS with the UCS and thus resulting in a conditioned reaction to neutral stimulus which in turn becomes a conditioned stimulus (Kentridge‚ 1995). Comparison and limitations of Pavlov and Skinners theories Whilst Skinner and Pavlov’s work is similar in that they both study the way a person or animal learns
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SUPERFLUOUS MAN: The “superfluous man” is the Russian interpretation of the Byronic hero‚ with the term first being coined by 19th century Russian author Turgenev. After his use of the term‚ the “superfluous man” became widely used to describe‚ often‚ tragic or Romantic heroes‚ unappreciated by society because of their nonconformist‚ “outsider” traits. The descriptor “superfluous” comes from the hero believing that society and life are superfluous‚ boring‚ and restrictive. Finding love‚ satisfaction
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punishment for his hubris‚ is now set earnestly in motion‚ for this innocent fall from the stepladder is the catalyst which brings to the surface Ivan Ilyich’s ‘incurable illness.’” (Engelberg 295) The “incurable illness” that Engelberg here refers to is the very same meaningless life that plagues Gregor just the same. These illnesses that both Gregor and Ivan have contracted‚ whether they be literal illnesses or otherwise‚ serve a greater purpose than to simply awake these men from their comatose
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English 228 April 3‚ 2013 In his novel‚ The Death of Ivan Ilyich‚ Leo Tolstoy expresses his opinions regarding the abstract idea of “family”. Tolstoy seems to be looking at what it is to be a family through somewhat biased eyes. He never really had a solid family of his own‚ having at a young age experienced both his parents passing‚ which leads me to believe that not all of Tolstoy’s lessons should be taken as verbatim. It is obvious through his previous publications that Tolstoy has always
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The Depths of Life Both novels The Death of Ivan Ilych and Heart of Darkness were produced in the late nineteenth century. Ironically these were both were considered rather dark novels during this time of optimism. The general world view was that technology would be able to solve all our problems. Poverty would be solved‚ no one would go hungry‚ there would be no more war‚ all diseases would be cured‚ and life overall would be better for everyone. These two novels challenged that view and drew attention
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This is a book written about the day in the life of an inmate in a Russian jail or gulag. The main character of this book is Ivan Denisovich Shukhov and he is the prisoner that this tale is based around. The overall plot of this story is the day in and day out life of a prisoner in one of the special camps in Russia. It starts of by the time Ivan wakes up and it ends at the time he goes to sleep. During Ivan’s day there are a few different characters introduced and you learn different perspectives
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Dr. Ivan Van Sertima is one of many historians and authors who argue that there was an African presence in Ancient America. Authors and Historians like Floyd W. Hayes III‚ Paul Barton‚ and Brent Campbell share the interest of Van Sertima and his argument of the African presence in the new world. Upon the discovery of the Americas there were numerous Africans discovered in the new world. For a considerable length of time‚ history has disclosed to us that Columbus discovered America when in fact
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“Flirting with Disaster: An Argument Against Integrating Women into the Combat Arms‚” by Ivan Shook argues that women should not be able to join the infantry‚ it is not biased to a certain gender but explains why women’s contribution in the army is not of best interest to the nation. I can agree with his claim because I believe women do not have the same force capability as men‚ and in active duty it can be a disadvantage to the team. Shooks’ word choice and usage of ethos creates credibility of
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