Sociological Theories A sociological theory is a set of ideas that provides an explanation for human society. Theories are selective in terms of their priorities and perspectives and the data they define as significant. As a result they provide a particular and partial view of reality. Sociological theories can be grouped together according to a variety of criteria. The most important of these is the distinction between Structural and Social action theories. Structural‚ or macro perspectives
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McGregor’s Theory X and Y Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation created and developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960’s. Theory X and Theory Y have to do with the perceptions managers hold on their employees‚ not the way they generally behave. It is attitude not attributes. Theory X • Manager’s/ Management’s assumptions – • Management assumes employees is inherently lazy‚ will avoid work and they inherently dislike work. • Due to this management
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Theories of Motivation Motivation has been defined as the psychological process that gives behaviour purpose and direction (Kreitner‚ 1995); an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins‚ 1994); and the will to achieve (Bedeian‚ 1993). In psychology‚ motivation refers to the initiation‚ direction‚ intensity and persistence of behavior. In simplistic terms‚ we can define motivation as the desire and willingness to do something and the inner force that helps individuals achieve their
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develops and processes everything around them. Cognitive development occurs through out the course of a person’s life‚ and without it‚ a person could not function in life. Two common problems with cognitive development that keep arising are the theories of nature-nurture and continuous-discontinuous development. Nature-nurture believes that children are born with an innate ability to learn and develop like their ancestors did because development is hereditary. Also‚ development and learning is
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Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement is a term in operant conditioning and behavior analysis for a process of strengthening a directly measurable dimension of behavior—such as rate (pulling a lever more frequently)‚ duration ( pulling a lever for longer periods of time)‚ magnitude (pulling a lever with greater force)‚ or latency (pulling a lever more quickly following the onset of an environmental event)—as a function of the delivery of a "valued" stimulus (money from a slot machine) immediately or
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Theories of why we punish offenders are crucial to the understanding of criminal law; in fact it is not easy to define legal punishment‚ however one thing is clear within the different theories of punishment is that they all require justification.[1] There are many theories of punishment yet they are predominantly broken down into two main categories. The utilitarian theory seeks to punish offenders to discourage‚ or “deter‚” future wrong doing. The retributive theory seeks to punish offenders
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Facilitation Theory (Humanistic Approach) The humanistic approach of the facilitation theory was developed by Carlos Roger and other influencers. The facilitation theory as of Roger’s views rests in the relationship between the facilitator and the learner‚ for this reason it is described as being the humanistic approach to the facilitation theory as it is concerned with the human side of the learning process (Roger‚ 1976). The teaching skills‚ knowledge of the tutor‚ utilizing visual aids‚ curriculum
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Theories of Development There are many theories that now influence current practice in different ways. Here I am going to explain the following theories of development: * Cognitive * Psychoanalytical * Humanist * Social Learning * Operant Conditioning * Behaviourist * Social pedagogy Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) Piaget focuses on cognitive development; he was all about the child centred approach‚ he believed children are active learners and make sense of the world
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MODERNIZATION THEORY Introduction: Modernization is an inherently optimistic concept for it assumes that all countries eventually experience economic growth. This optimistic must be understood in the historical context of post war prosperity and growth in the north and independence of many southern colonies along with the growth of national markets and trades. The theory of modernization turns out into the high mass consumption and urbanization. The theory of economic growth is an alternative
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The Stakeholder theory of the firm (Course: Business ethics) Coursework 2013 Faculty of Economics Content Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 1 Basic idea of the Stakeholder Theory ................................................................................ 4 1.1 1.2 Who are the stakeholders ....................................................................
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