Aldosterone‚ what it is and why it is important? Aldosterone is a hormone produced and released from the adrenal glands above the kidneys. Its role is to increase the reabsorption of sodium ions from the loop of Henle and Distal tubule to conserve sodium in the blood and body fluids. When sodium ions enter the blood from the distal tubule‚ water follows by osmosis‚ which increases blood volume and blood pressure. If there is an increased blood volume and blood pressure from high salt concentrations
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SGLT2 is a transporter responsible the reabsorption of glucose that is localized in the kidney. SGLT2 is responsible for 90 % of glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Canagliflozin‚ Dapagliflozin‚ and Empagliflozin inhibits the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney and excretes glucose in the urine. This improves glycemic control. Pharmacodynamics Each of the three drugs has similar effects in improving glycemic control
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Sample Exam 4-Bio 107 1) The layer of the GI tract wall that is responsible for motility is the A) muscularis. B) mucosa. C) serosa. D) submucosa. E) None of the above are correct. Answer: A 2) The process by which undigested material is removed from the gastrointestinal tract is A) secretion. B) urination. C) mechanical processing. D) elimination. E) absorption. Answer: D 3) Once a bolus of food has been formed in the mouth‚ it is passed by the tongue and jaws to the A) esophagus
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SUMMARY Chronic renal failure (CRF) is the progressive loss of kidney function. The kidneys attempt to compensate for renal damage by hyperfiltration (excessive straining of the blood) within the remaining functional nephrons (filtering units that consist of a glomerulus and corresponding tubule). The cause for CRF sometimes can be determined by a detailed medical history‚ a comprehensive physical examination‚ and laboratory studies. CRF are common in patients who have multiple myeloma ( cancer
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Question 1 (a) Name the following: (i) The phase of cardiac cycle in which the auricles contract. Systole (ii) The organ where urea is produced. Liver (iii) The hormone that helps increase the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules. ADH (iv) Chemical substances produced by micro organisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of other micro organisms. [4] (b) State the main function of the following: (i) Chordae tendinae It holds the valves of the heart in place. (ii) Lymphocytes
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and anaerobic respirations? Q. 6. Name the products produced by the fermentation of glucose by the yeast cell? Q. 7. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds? Q. 8. Name the functional unit of human kidney? Q. 9. The xylem in plants is responsible for __________. Q. 10. Define photosynthesis? Q. 11. What substances are contained in the gastric juice? What are their function? Q. 12. What are the various processes that take place in the duodenum?
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loss. When total body fluid volume decreases by 0.5-1.0%‚ the thirst mechanism asserts itself. Approximately 55% of water intake is derived directly from fluids‚ 35% from food‚ and 10% from water produced as a byproduct of metabolism. Water Output Kidneys excrete approximately 1 to 2 liters of urine per day. Approximately 900 milliliters (ml) of this amount is obligatory water excretion that gets rid of solutes and is constant from day to day. The remainder is excreted according to the fluctuating
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Society or (ACS) bladder cancer is the 6th most common cancer in the United States. They approximate that over 54‚300 people will be diagnosed in 2014 and cause more than 12‚400 deaths. The purpose of your urinary bladder is to store urine from the kidneys. Bladder cancer has a very high percentage of coming back once you are in remission with a 75% chance that new tumors will develop again. Normally the first thing that you notice when you have bladder cancer is blood in your urine‚ other warning signs
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Antibiotic Case Study 1. I would ask the patient if she uses any feminine or hygiene products. Besides pain‚ have you had any other symptoms? 2. I would expect the patient to have a urinalysis done. The presence of WBC’s‚ leukocytes esterase‚ nitrates‚ or bacteria indicates UTI. (Pagana‚ Pagana‚ 2010 pg. 1021) A urine culture and sensitivity test can be done as well. This test will indicate a specific bscterium that is present in the patient’s urine. A blood sample will probably be taken as well
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1. A female client is admitted with a diagnosis of acute renal failure. She is awake‚ alert‚ oriented‚ and complaining of severe back pain‚ nausea and vomiting and abdominal cramps. Her vital signs are blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg‚ pulse 110‚ respirations 30‚ and oral temperature 100.4°F (38°C). Her electrolytes are sodium 120 mEq/L‚ potassium 5.2 mEq/L; her urinary output for the first 8 hours is 50 ml. The client is displaying signs of which electrolyte imbalance? A. Hyponatremia B. Hyperkalemia
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