OxidatiOn and ReductiOn OxidatiOn & ReductiOn 9.2 9 Introduction to oxidation and reduction Redox equations Some common oxidising agents and reducing agents (EXT) 9.3 Reactivity 9.4 Voltaic cells 19.1 Standard electrode potentials (AHL) 9.5 Electrolytic cells 19.2 cORe 9.1 Electrolysis (AHL) TOK Are oxidation numbers real? I remember contemplating on the nature of reality back in Chapters 2 and 4‚ with regard to electrons and hybridization respectively
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William son Eth er Synth esis Introduction In this reaction‚ an alcohol is deprotonated to form a good nucleophile‚ which then attacks the electrophile methyl iodide to form an ether. Tetrabutylammonium bromide‚ a phase transfer catalyst‚ is used to carry ions back and forth between the organic phase and the aqueous phase. OH O NaOH + NaI + H2O CH3I Before coming to lab‚ please review the following techniques: "Reluxing a reaction‚" "Extraction and washing‚" "Drying an Organic Solvent‚" "Evaporating
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produce iodide ion (I-) and dehydroascorbic acid‚ as shown in the following equation: [IMAGE] + I2(aq) -----------> + 2H+(aq) + 2I-(aq) Ascorbic acid (Vit. C) Dehydroascorbic acid However‚ since iodine is only slightly soluble in water‚ ascorgic acid should not be titrated directly by a standard iodine solution‚ since the end point of titration is not o obvious. Instead‚ back titration will be employed. The titration of a reducing agent with iodine to produce iodide ion is
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Transition Metals 1a) The d-orbitals of a free transition metal atom or ion are degenerate (all have the same energy.) However‚ when transition metals form coordination complexes‚ the d-orbitals of the metal interact with the electron cloud of the ligands in such a manner that the d-orbitals become non-degenerate (not all having the same energy.) The way in which the orbitals are split into different energy levels is dependent on the geometry of the complex. Crystal field theory can be used to predict
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Antioxidant Concept: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an antioxidant. The amount of vitamin C content in food can be found out by titrating with an oxidising agent‚ e.g. iodine. In the reaction‚ vitamin C is oxidised‚ while iodine is reduced to iodide ions. The endpoint is determined by the formation of blue-black starch-iodine complex when all vitamin C is oxidised and excess iodine is free to react with the starch solution added as indicator. Introduction Vitamin C is an important component of
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Hwa Chong Institution (High School) Secondary 4 End of Year Examinations Chemistry Revision Notes List of topics: 1. Atomic Structure 2. Separation Techniques 3. Chemical Bonds and Bonding (Ionic‚ Covalent) 4. Metals 5. Properties and structures of compounds 6. Qualitative Analysis 7. Acids‚ Bases and Salts 8. Chemical Periodicity 9. Chemical Calculations 10. Air and Environment 11. Electrochemistry (Including Redox reactions) 12. Thermochemistry 13. Rates of Reaction 14. Chemical
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Add a 2.0 gram iron rod to the solution and observe the reaction. 2 Fe + 3 CuSO4 = 3 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 The new product is iron (III) sulfate‚ it contains the Fe 3+ ion which is brown. Lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide solutions Pour about 2.0 mL of lead (II) nitrate into the test tube. Add 5 to 10 drops of potassium iodide solution to the test tube and record your observations of the reaction. Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI = 2 KNO3 + PbI2 2. Magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid solution Place
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essential materials (oxygen‚ water‚ etc.) must enter through it. When a membrane is called semipermeable‚ it means that it will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized facilitated diffusion. When the cell membrane expends energy‚ it is known as active transport‚ or when the process is driven by kinetic energy‚ it is passive transport. Hypotheses Activity A: Diffusion -If glucose can pass through the semi-permeable membrane‚ then the solution inside
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SULIT 1 4541/1 Peraturan Permarkahan CHEMISTRY 4541 Kertas 1 Ogos 2011 BAHAGIAN PENGURUSAN SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH DAN SEKOLAH KECEMERLANGAN KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA PERATURAN PERMARKAHAN PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN SIJIL PELAJARAN MALAYSIA 2011 CHEMISTRY TRIAL 2011 MARKING SCHEME PAPER 1 4541 /1 © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh http://cikguadura.wordpress.com SULIT SULIT 2 SKEMA KERTAS 1 CHEMISTRY 4541/1 4541/1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
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Gerona‚ Evelyn Chemical Reactions Experiment No. 7 Date Performed: Feb. 17‚ 2014 Date Submitted: Feb. 24‚ 2014 Mrs. Vitancol I. Theoretical Framework A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically‚ chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms‚ with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present)‚ and can often
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