have viral envelope derived from host cell plasma membrane Genome DNA vs. RNA‚ Single stranded (ss) vs. Double stranded (ds)‚ linear vs. circular 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies‚ Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Helical capsid 45 nm (a) Tobacco mosaic virus‚ a nonenveloped virus with a helical capsid Protein subunit (capsomer) Nucleic acid (RNA) Polyhedral capsid Capsomer Nucleic acid (DNA) 25 nm (b) Adenovirus‚ a nonenveloped virus with a polyhedral capsid
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the vector and the DNA to be inserted with the same restriction endonuclease to ensure that both have the same "sticky ends" Vector for cloning the bacteria come from two major types: (1) Plasmids‚ and (2) Phages Recombinant DNA Technology A) It was developed in 1970 B) Procedure: (1) Obtain DNA from an organism (2)ADD Restriction enzymes (3) A reproducible set of fragments (4)Inset into replicating DNA molecules (5) This gives Recombinant DNA (6) Introduce this DNA in appropriate cells
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Introduction Plasmids are circular‚ double stranded extrachromosomal DNA molecules that are found in bacteria which can self-replicate. They are naturally occurring DNA molecules advantageous to the host bacterium by carrying genes which specify metabolic capacities. (Garrett et al.‚ 2010) Besides‚ plasmids exist in a wide variety of sizes from a few thousands to hundreds of thousands of base pairs. Many plasmids have been engineered to serve as plasmids cloning vectors to carry genes. (Synder et
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done to examine both strains of Halobacteria in the aqueous solutions. DNA extraction was done to take DNA from the Halobacteria strains and examine their genotypes. The PCR reaction’s purpose was to locate specific
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In an eukaryotic cell‚ DNA is tightly packaged into the nucleus. For a human cell‚ DNA measures approximately 2 meters‚ with its diameter being 2 nm. The total length of DNA present in one adult human is nearly 2.0 × 1013 meters‚ which is equivalent to nearly 70 trips from the earth to the sun and back. Since the size of the nucleus in human cell is about 6 μm‚ DNA should be tightly packaged to fit into it. At the same time‚ it should be easily accessible to express the genetic information. Inside
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AP Bio DNA‚ RNA‚ Protein synthesis Study Guide DNA Structure Nucleotide structure - sugar‚ phosphate group‚ base backbone structure - alternating sugar and phosphate group directionality (5’-3’) - DNA is anti parallel. The side that sticks out s the 5’ side bases - adenine = thymine & guanine=cytosine purines vs Pyrimidines - purines have two rings while pyrimidines have one ring Bonding - hydrogen bonds Base Pairing rules - look at bases ^^ DNA Replication Semi-conservative replication
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allowed adaptation over time to produce organisms best suited to the environment 1865 Gregor Mendel investigated "traits" passed from parents to prodigy and coined the terms dominant and recessive traits 1869 Johann Meisher isolated DNA from the nuclei of white blood cells 1875 Charles Darwin introduced "gemmules" as mechanism of inheritance 1902 Walter Sutton created term "gene" to describe "factors" located on chromosomes: he observed chromosomal movement during meiosis
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1. Describe what is happening during DNA replication. Make sure you include which proteins are involved and what they are doing during replication. DNA replication is semi-conservative. It occurs in “origin of replication” to form DNA ligase. In order for DNA to replicate it needs to follow a couple of steps. First: The parental strand divides in 2 separate strands; the helicase unwinds by cutting hydrogen bonds. Then‚ each strand is a template that attracts and binds complementary nucleotides
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industry. Various remediation methods‚ including utilization of a strain of closely related bacteria controls and limits its damage‚ but it is also useful as a genetic engineering tool in plants. It is famous for taking advantage of its host by injecting DNA derived from its Ti (tumor inducing) plasmid into its host‚ causing the plant to create galls which excrete opines that the bacteria use as an energy source. A. tumefaciens have emerged as an important molecular tool for manipulating plants and creating
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a virus that has its genes encoded in RNA instead of them being encoded in DNA (it is also known as the RNA virus). Because of this‚ a retrovirus has to have its genes reverse transcribed into DNA before replication. This is carried out by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. The retro virus upon infecting the host with its DNA can use the host cell’s machinery to replicate. The host cell cannot tell the retrovirus’s DNA from its own and so copies its genes as part of the cells own replication
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