commercial vehicles and emergency vehicles. Salt is used as the principal deicer because it is the most available and cost-effective deicer. Rock salt is preferred because it is cheap and effective. It costs 20 dollars a ton where as an alternative like calcium magnesium cost around 700 dollars a ton. Some 10 million tons of deicing salt is used each year in the U.S. and about 3 million in Canada. Salt is used to keep snow and ice from bonding to the pavement and to allow snowplows to remove. When salt
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in 6 moles of methane Number of Molecules = moles x molecules in 1 mole = 6 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules = 3.61 x 1024 molecules Calculate the number of molecules in: (a) 0.37 moles of sulphur dioxide (b) 3.4 moles of hydrogen chloride Answers (a) 2.23 x 1023 molecules (b) 2.05 x 1024 molecules Ions Ionic compounds do not contain atoms or molecules. Instead‚ we talk about ‘formula units’ The formula unit (f.u.) is the same as the chemical formula Calculate
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similar chemical properties. Chemical principle Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a dull gray‚ silver solid under standard conditions. Calcium atoms have an electron configuration of (2‚ 8‚ 8‚ 2) and 2 outermost shell electrons. Calcium is in group 2 and period 4 of the periodic table. Calcium commonly forms the cation Ca2+ by donating 2 electrons‚ reaching a stable electron configuration. Calcium is an alkaline earth metal. Magnesium is a chemical
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Title:Extraction:Extraction with acid and alkaline Objective: 1. To recover benzoic acid and p-dichlorobenzene from its mixture using acid-alkaline extraction. 2. To determine the percentage recovery and melting point of benzoic acid and p-diclorobenzene. Apparatus:Separatory funnel(250mL)‚Buchner funnel‚beaker. Materials:Benzoic acid‚p-dichlorobenzene‚ether‚10% NaOH‚conc.HCl‚distilled water‚ anhydrous CaCl2. Introduction: Organic compounds in an aqueous mixture can be separated
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Some of it’s common uses are in cooking‚ chlorine‚ and soda. Sodium Chloride is commonly found as a white or transparent solid. Salt forms ionic bonds and it’s molecular weight is 58.442769 g/mol. Salts boiling point is 1465 °C and its melting point is 800.7 °C. Some hazards include water retention‚ dehydration‚ and hypertension
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Formation of an Alkene by Alcohol Dehydration Lab Report Balanced Chemical Equation for the Main Reaction Mechanism The acid-catalyzed dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols involves non-isolable carbocation intermediaries. In the first step of the of the reaction mechanism below‚ a phosphoric acid catalyst adds a proton to the oxygen atom of the alcohol to form an oxonium ion. The OH is converted to a better leaving group as the positive charge on the oxygen weakens the carbon-oxygen
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Hydrogen is recognized as the simplest and lightest chemical element in the periodic table; even though it is identified as one of the top elements in abundance in the world (consisting of 0.9 percent of the total mass on earth)‚ it is considered to be the most abundant element in the entire universe. It is a gaseous element with the atomic symbol being H. It is usually categorized under the first group of the periodic table known as the alkali metals. It contains only one electron that revolves
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concentration of CaCO3 obtained was 1034 ppm‚ with a standard deviation of 2.4495. The results indicate that the unknown solution can be considered as hard water. Introduction The hardness of water is defined in terms of its cation content‚ which includes calcium‚ magnesium‚ iron‚ zinc‚ and other polyvalent metal ions. These metal ions interfere with the use of the water for many applications. For example‚ these ions diminish the effectiveness of soap and detergent for cleansing operations; they diminish
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ubility * 1 To measure the molar solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water. * 2 To prepare a calibration curve based on complex ion formation for absorbance enhancement. * 3 To calculate the solubility product constant (Ksp) of a sparingly soluble salt from its molar solubility. * 4 To confirm the common ion effect on the molar solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. Introduction In previous introductory chemistry courses‚ you learned some basic solubility rules that are
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Self Heating Food and Drink Cans Heater meals – originally developed for military use – are ready-made self-heating meal packs. They can be heated in many ways – by pressing a button on the packaging‚ unwrapping and shaking the pack‚ or pouring the contents of one bag into another and waiting for a few minutes – all of which use exothermic chemical reactions. These meals can be used to motivate students to study such reactions relatively safely and without the use of a burner. Plus there is the
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