groups‚ which are: • Metallic substances • Ionic compounds • Covalent molecular and; • Covalent network substances Metallic substances are substances that are made up of one or more metal. They have regular 3D lattice of positively charged ions. Metallic substances are bond together by metallic bond which has strong electrostatic attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised electrons. These delocalised electrons carry current giving metallic substance the ability to
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Manual Physics I LabPaq: PK-1 A Lab Manual of 13 Experiments for Independent Study Published by Hands-On Labs‚ Inc. Physics 1: Lab Manual of Experiments for the Independent Study of Physics Designed to accompany Physics LabPaq PK-1 081611 LabPaq® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs‚ Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs‚ Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on the intellectual properties associated with the LabPaq’s unique design
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compounds of life) while all other compounds are called inorganic compounds. Classification of Compounds: A. Binary Compounds 1. Metal and Non-metal Inorganic compounds composed of just two elements‚ metal cations (positive ions) and non-metal anions (negative ions). These are referred to as metal-nonmetal binary compounds. There are two types of metals‚ some metals form cations with only one charge (e.g.Na+‚ K+) while other cations form
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Contents IONIC BOND 2 METALLIC BOND 9 The "Sea of Electrons" Theory 14 Conductors‚ Insulators and Semiconductors 16 25 IONIC BOND Ionic bond is formed when electron transferred from a valence shell of an atom to the valence shell of another atom. Ionic bond involves electron transfer across two atoms. The atom which donates the electron is called cation which is a positive ion whereas the atom which gains the electron is called anion which is a negative ion. The opposite charge of
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Topic 4 - Bonding 4.1 Ionic bonds 4.1.1 Ionic bond: +ve (cations) and -ve (anions) ions are attracted to each other and form a continuous ionic lattice 4.1.2 Group 1 metals form +1 ions‚ group 2 metals form +2 ions‚ metals in group 3 form +3 ions . Examples : Li+‚ Mg2+‚ Al3+. Greater ease of ionisation Li->Cs is due to the increased electron shielding of the nuclear attraction caused by additional inner shells of electrons. The easier atoms are to ionise‚ the more reactive they
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during the procedure. It was possible to distinguish between physical and chemical changes using scientific observations. Experiment and Observation Please note that this procedure was adapted from the “Observation of Chemical and Physical Changes” LabPaq Lab manual (Hands-On Labs Version 42-01-82-00-03‚ 2015) Table 1 Well Chemical #1 (4 drops) Chemical #2 (4 drops) Observations: Chemical Change (Y/N) A1 NaHCO3 (Sodium Bicarbonate) HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) Bubbles‚ no change in color‚ clear‚ Y A2 NaOCl
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Hestia Livana Partners : Rachel Gideon‚ Joy Boake‚ Hannah Harper Various Color of Light as the Effect of Electron Emission Objective Observe the characteristic colors produced by certain metallic ions when vaporized in a flame. Identify the unknown metallic ions by means of its flame tests. Background When atoms absorb energy‚ electrons move into higher energy levels‚ and these electrons lose energy by emitting light when they return to lower energy levels. Energy levels are fixed energies
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Subject Content Most of the objectives specified in this section relate to Knowledge with Understanding‚ although some indication has been given as to where the skills of Handling Information and Solving Problems may be developed. Teachers are reminded that‚ in the written papers‚ 40% of the marks are allocated to these higher ’thinking’ skills. In almost every section‚ students should therefore be given practice at dealing with unfamiliar situations so that these higher thinking skills can be developed
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oxide e.g. 4Na (S) + O2 (g) → Na2O (s) Reaction with hydrogen element + hydrogen → hydride e.g. Ca (s) + H2 (g) → CaH2 (s) Reaction between an oxide and water metallic oxide + water → hydroxide * metallic oxide is also known as “basic oxide” e.g. Na2O (s) + H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) non-metallic oxide + water → acid * non-metallic oxide is known as “acidic oxide” e.g. SO2 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO3 (aq) Reaction between active metals and water active metal + water (liquid or gas) → hydroxide
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Bonding structure Metals: metallic bonding Ionic compound (metal +nonmetal): ionic bonding Molecule (nonmetal +nonmetal): covalent bonding 3.1 Metallic Bonding 1) Definition The electrostatic attraction between a lattice if positive ions and delocalized electrons. 2) The strength of metallic bonding (depend on) Delocalized electrons (=valence electrons=Group number) More valence electrons‚ stronger metallic bonding Ionic radii (=distance between nucleus and e-) Greater ionic radius
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