Metals and alloys. Hume-Rothery rules. 1. Three types of metals. 2. Alloys. Hume-Rothery rules. 3. Electrical resistance of metallic alloys. 4. Applications of metallic alloys. 5. Steels. Super alloys. 6. Electromigration in thin wires. Three types of metals Metals share common features that define them as a separate class of materials: • Good thermal and electrical conductors (Why?). • Electrical resistance increases with temperature (Why?). • Specific heat grows linearly with temperature
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compound’s molecular structure. The most common physical properties are color‚ odor‚ crystalline form (if it’s a solid) ‚refractive index (if it’s a liquid)‚ density‚ solubility in various solvents‚ melting point (for solids)‚ and boiling point (for liquids). In this experiment‚ we will use melting point‚ boiling point‚ and solubility to identify certain solids and liquids. First‚ we will melt benzoic acid‚ benzoin‚ and an unknown substance. I believe the benzoin will have a small range melting
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04% percentage yield. Introduction Recrystallization is a process of purifying organic compounds obtained from nature that contain soluble‚ insoluble and colored impurities. This is based on the premise that solubility increases on the increase of temperature while solubility decreases on the decrease of temperature. This is the process behind the formation of crystals. Recrystallization can be broken down into several steps. A suitable solvent is chosen followed by the compound being dissolved
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RECRYSTALLIZATION Group Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Recrystallization is one of the simplest and most widely used technique for purifying organic solids through the differences in solubility at different temperatures. It is also the process in which the solid to be crystallized is dissolved to either a hot solvent or a hot solvent mixture and is cooled in a solution.In this experiment‚ acetanilide‚ the crude product of acetylation of aniline and acetic anhydride
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our alkane (Decalin). One would expect that non-polar solvents will dissolve alkanes because they are non polar as well 1. If the solvent did not dissolve in the alkane we heated the solution with a heat gun‚ because higher temperature increases solubility because energy in the form of heat can break bonds and allow for the molecules to join together. This is the reversed for a decrease in temperature the molecules move around less so there is less interaction between solute and solvent. We also
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Experiment 1: Mixtures Aim: To develop an understanding of different types of mixtures including solutions and to examine the different solubilities of some solutes in two solvents: water and ethanol Procedure: Refer to Experiments Book Pg 13 Results: Part A- Mixture Observations Classifications 1 100% Orange Juice There were suspended pulp in the juice Heterogeneous Mixture 2 100% Apple Juice Clear solution Homogeneous Mixture 3 Solder Uniform mixture Homogeneous Mixture 4 Fruit Cake Chunks
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and will not scatter light. 8. What are the parts of a solution? SOLUTE Part being dissolving Ex: sugar‚ salt SOLVENT B. Part doing the dissolving C. Water is the universal solvent D. Ex: water‚ alcohol 9. Explain how to determine the solubility of a solution? Determined by attraction between solute and solvent 10. What are the three levels of solutions and how are they determined? Saturated Contains as much solute as
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Reactivity with acids Reactivity with pure substances Combustibility (flammability) Toxicity Decomposition Physical State Colour Odour Crystal shape Malleability Ductility Hardness Brittleness Melting point Boiling point Density Solubility Electrical Conductivity Thermal Conductivity Accuracy Refers to how close a given quantity is to an accepted or expected value Precision Refers to the exactness of a measurement or the closeness of a series of data points Atomic Theory
Free Ionic bond Chemical bond Atom
indicating that calcium hydroxide has a low solubility in water. On the other hand‚ a value of 98.4 % error has been tabulated which indicates that there are both human and experimental errors which may have impacted the overall results. Introduction: Ksp is defined as the ratio of concentrations of dissolved ions and undissolved ions of a precipitate at equilibrium. This can also be expressed using the rate law equation. For example ‚ the solubility product of calcium hydroxide can be written
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although mostly nonpolar. Biphenyl‚ which is completely nonpolar‚ will have similar solubilities as benzophenone: insoluble with water (polar)‚ partially soluble with methanol (intermediate polarity) and soluble with hexane (nonpolar). But with biphenyl (unlike with benzophenone) the solubilities are exactly as expected‚ because of biphenyl’s complete nonpolarity. But that explains any differences in solubilities between the two molecules. Polarity also played a role in the alcohol reactions: water
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