the leaf itself but needed to be separated from the other chemicals. Caffeine’s chemical structure is relatively similar to the nucleic acid purine in that they use nitrogen and is bicyclic but lacks an alkene‚ amine and an amide. Caffeine has a solubility of 67.0 g/100 mL in boiling water but tannins also boil in hot water to form catechin. Catechin cannot react with water but it can with calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate was added into the reflux beforehand so the catechins can quickly change
Premium Water Chemistry Oxygen
Qualitative data Observations: When dissolving the acid X in the water‚ most of it did not dissolve and become whitish foam sitting at the top of the solution. When transferring the acid from the mortar to the flask by washing it with water‚ the low solubility of the acid made it hard and some of it was still stuck in the mortar and was not transferred into the flask. When phenolphthalein was added to the unknown acid solution‚ the solution remained clear. At first‚ when the NaOH base was added to the
Premium Acid Sodium hydroxide Solubility
transfer of microliter volumes of solutions with a Pasteur filter pipet‚ the use of a vortex mixer‚ and the use of automatic delivery pipets. B: To illustrate an extensively used extraction technique where a reversible reaction is employed to alter solubility characteristic of the substance of interest. Experimental Procedure Experiments 4A and 4B were followed as described in Mayo‚ pages 144-147‚ with the modifications listed in the Blackboard document. Also‚ instead of using a sand bath‚ we used a
Premium Solvent Sodium bicarbonate Solubility
about the solubility rules. In our experiment we consider the rule that "Most nitrate (NO3-) salts are soluble." And "Most sulfate are soluble. Notable exceptions are BaSO4......" By this rules we can check the solutions that we will use during the experiment that whether it is soluble or not. Also‚ we can check after the reaction‚ which of the compound is the precipitate. Hence‚ before the experiment it is possible to predict whether the reaction will include precipitate by the solubility rules. In
Premium Solubility Stoichiometry
Experiment 1: Synthesis of Copper Compounds Introduction This experiment involves the synthesis of compounds originating from pure solid copper. By applying solubility rules and the reactive properties of substances‚ many compounds which would otherwise be costly to extract from nature are able to be synthesized in the laboratory. Laboratory synthesized may sometimes be more economical than natural extraction‚ however it poses its own problems with the amount of substance that is actually yielded
Premium Copper Sulfuric acid Solubility
experiment is to identify substances within a sample (in this case‚ the color dyes) through the use of chromatography. Utilizing the Rf value ‚ we can observe the ratio of movement certain substances make. The “movement” is determined by polarity‚ solubility‚ and the choice of solvent to be used. Each combination will result in a unique ratio‚ thus allowing us to compare unknown samples and discover their identity. The Rf value is essentially the rate the dotted sample will move in accordance to the
Free Chromatography Thin layer chromatography Solubility
TABLE OF CONTENTS What is a Mixture? What are the types of Mixtures? Define:-solutions -suspensions -colloids (Draw and compare.) Methods of separation 1. Filtration 2. Distillation (simple and fractional) 3. Paper chromatography 4. Solvent extraction 5. Separating funnel 6. Evaporation 7. Crystallization 8. Sublimation Draw and explain each. What is a mixture??? A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically
Premium Mixture Solution Liquid
non-polar. The more dense solvent is the bottom layer. In this case the aqueous water is on the bottom layer and the ether is on the top. Density is one way to differentiate each layer but the identities still have to be confirmed. A general rule of solubility is like dissolves like. Non-polar compounds‚ most organic compounds‚ are more soluble in non-polar solvents than in polar solvents. Ionic and polar compounds are more soluble in polar solvents like water. Ionic forms of the organic compound
Premium Solvent Oxygen Solubility
first is that a compound is always more soluble in hot solvents than in cold solvents. Secondly‚ molecules have unique solubility properties. Lastly‚ a growing crystal will only accept similar entities into its lattice. This is related to the crystal lattice theory which states crystal formation is anti-entropic based on the equation ∆G =∆H-T∆S. There are three stages of solubility: collision‚ dissociation‚ and solvation. In order to raise the probability of collision between the solute and solvent
Premium Solubility Chemistry Temperature
Temperature‚ pressure‚ and surface area all affect the dissolving process. Increasing the pressure causes the solute to be increased in the solvent‚ because the pressure forces the remaining gases into the solute. Therefore‚ pressure increases the solubility of the solution. Increasing the temperature causes the molecules to gain energy; the solvent molecules contact the solute particles more frequently. Increased surface area means that more of the solute is exposed to the solvent‚ dissolving the solute
Premium Solution Solubility Concentration