models the effects of the leaves of mature broadleaf trees on air-to-ground free-space optical (FSO) communication systems operating through the leaf canopy. Ecological radiation transfer models are considered and the concept of Leaf Area Index (LAI) is reviewed and related to a probabilistic model. Leaf transmittance is experimentally measured for different leaf types and determined to be very close to zero. A probabilistic canopy model of foliage is developed as obscuring leaves are randomly distributed
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observed: organ pipe‚ prickly pear‚ and saguaro. The organ pipe contains no leaves and has narrow stems that carry out photosynthesis and store water. Neither the saguaro nor prickly pear cacti have leaves‚ but both have a highly modified form of a leaf called the spine. Spines are highly modified leaves because they do not carry out photosynthesis. Spines protect the plant from predation and prevent water loss as stomata in leaves are highly susceptible to water loss. Fruit trees like the sour orange
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Sansevieria Zeylanica Leaf Affected by Vehicular Emissions. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/106640267/Anatomical-Study-of-Sansevieria-Zeylanica-Leaf-Affected-by-Vehicular-Emissions August 21‚ 2014 Locsin‚ Joel. 2014. Baguio Air Is Among The Dirtiest in The Country. GMA News. Retrieved from http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/360705/scitech/science/baguio-air-is-among-the-dirtiest-in-the-country August 21‚ 2014 Grant‚ Bruce W.‚ Vatnick‚ Itzick (2004) Environmental Correlates of Leaf Stomata Denisty
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within its hardiness range Figure 1. Middle-aged White Bird-of-Paradise. Crown density: open Growth rate: medium Texture: coarse Foliage Leaf arrangement: alternate (Fig. 3) Leaf type: simple Leaf margin: entire Leaf shape: oblong Leaf venation: pinnate Leaf type and persistence: broadleaf evergreen; evergreen Leaf blade length: >36 inches Leaf color: green DESCRIPTION Height: 20 to 30 feet Spread: 6 to 10 feet Crown uniformity: irregular outline or silhouette Crown shape: palm; upright
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oxygen chlorophyll 6CO2 + 6H2O ➞ C6H12O6 + 6O2 LEAF STRUCTURE: broad flat part - the lamina petiole/stem - joins the lamina to the plant xylem - running through the petiole - transport water and mineral ions from the roots phloem - transporting sugars and other small organic molecules to different parts of the plant. epidermis - function is to protect the inner layers of cells - is a close fitting layer on both the top and bottom of the leaf. epidermal cells sometimes secrete a waxy cuticle
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Observation : 1) The region of the leaf which was exposed to sunlight turns blue in colour. 2) The region of the leaf covered with black strip turns brownish in colour. Inference : This experiment shows that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis. Multiple Choice Questions 1) In the experiment on photosynthesis‚ the leaf is boiled in alcohol kept in a water bath because ................ . (a) Alcohol is bad for leaf (b) alcohol is volatile (c) Alcohol
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exchange Main function of stomata : Allow enough C02 to enter the leaf to optimize photosynthesis‚ while conserving as much water as possible Structure of stomata * Each stomata consists of a stoma (minute pore) which are surrounded by 2 guard cells. * Stomata closes and opens according to the turgidity of the guard cells * Stomata also allows for cooling of the leaf by loss of water through transpiration to lower leaf temperature * Guard cells open and close to control the exchange
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branched‚ smooth‚ succulent herb‚ 0.4 to 1.4 meters in height. Leaves are simple or pinnately compound‚ with the leaflets elliptic‚ usually about 10 centimeters long‚ thick‚ succulent‚ and scalloped margins. Plantlets grow along the notches of the leaf margins which can develop while still attached to the plant or when detached‚ a fascinating characteristic that earns its name. Flowers are cylindric‚ and pendulous in a large‚ terminal panicle. Calyx is tubular‚ cylindric‚ inflated‚ brownish or purplish
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Variagated Leaves Total absence of plastid pigments causes a sector of a leaf or stem to have white patches. This condition is termed variegation (Metrosideros). Variegation is produced when there is a cell mutation (cytological chimera)‚ and all cells produced from that mutant mother cell lack the pigments‚ either because plastids are not present or the plastid cannot complete the manufacture of the pigment apparatus. White‚ therefore‚ is where color is missing. The zones where chloroplasts are
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atmosphere and remove oxygen produced in photosynthesis. During photosynthesis the chloroplasts in the leaf cells synthesize as a result of exposure to light‚ while oxygen is produced as a by-product. As the outer leafs are exposed to higher light levels the stomatal density has to be high and because the inner leaves are exposed to lower light levels they will so have a lower stomatal density than the outer leafs. This is known as an adaptation‚ (leaves in the centre of a shrub are exposed to small amounts
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