which were tabulated by Professor Hart as follows: (1) Laws are commands. This meaning is associated with the two founders of British positivism‚ Bentham and his disciple Austin‚ whose views will be considered in this chapter‚ (2) The analysis of legal concepts is (a) worth pursuing‚ (b) distinct from sociological and historical inquiries‚ (c) distinct from critical evaluation. (3) Decisions can be deduced logically from predetermined rules without recourse to social aims‚ policy or morality. (4)
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see what he says about legal method in his now well-known Postscript to The Concept of Law‚ because there he affirms that his aim all along in his work was just to give a factual account of law‚ one that did not import any moral judgment. Learning outcomes By the end of this chapter and the relevant readings you should be able to: describe the rule of recognition in detail describe what Hart calls ‘the necessary and sufficient conditions of the existence of a legal system’ explain the significance
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As per the Income Tax Act‚ 1961 where a person dies‚ his legal representatives shall be liable to pay any sum which the deceased would have been liable to pay if he had not died‚ in the similar manner and to the same extent as the deceased. As per section 159 of the Income Tax Act‚ 1961 (Act)‚ even when a person dies‚ the assessment of his income is to be done upto the time of his death. So‚ the legal representative of the deceased has to file the income tax return for the income on which the deceased
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G.R. No. L-31455 February 28‚ 1985 FILIPINAS ENGINEERING AND MACHINE SHOP‚ Petitioner‚ vs. HON. JAIME N. FERRER‚ LINO PATAJO et. Al. Cuevas J. FACTS: In preparation for the national elections of November 11‚ 1969‚ then respondent Commissioners of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) issued an INVITATION TO BID CALL No. 127 on September 16‚ 1969 calling for the submission of sealed proposals for the manufacture and delivery of 1 1‚000 units of voting booths. Among the seventeen bidders who submitted
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applicants’ aptitude for the study of law. As of August 2013‚ ABA had approved 203 law schools; others were approved by state authorities only. A J.D. degree program includes courses‚ such as constitutional law‚ contracts‚ property law‚ civil procedure‚ and legal writing. Law students may choose specialized courses in areas such as tax‚ labor‚ and corporate law. Becoming licensed as a lawyer is called being "admitted to the bar" and licensing exams are called "bar exams." To practice law in any state‚ a
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OSCOLA Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities Fourth Edition Faculty of Law‚ University of Oxford www.law.ox.ac.uk/oscola Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 General notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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About Alkemia Alkemia Legal Education Ventures is operational with a view to impart legal knowledge to its patrons across India. Alkemia is currently involved in Legal Test Preparation‚ E-Learning‚ Publication and Legal News & Information Sharing. Alkemia currently has five subsidiary organizations as its ventures. Alkemia is a startup and a brainchild of law students from MATS Law School‚ Raipur‚ Chhattisgarh India. We at Alkemia believe in transforming the legal education system of the
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persons * legal persons (or artificial person) * Third category: “handicapped legal person”- ułomna osoba prawna Legal personality Notion connected with: * Legal capacity - ability to become the subject of rights and obligations * Capacity for legal acts - ability of obtaining rights and acquiring obligations by the person’s own actions Legal personality – legal person * Legal persons always have: * legal capacity * full capacity to enter into legal transactions
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DIFFERENT FORMS OF ORGANISATION SOLE TRADING CONCERN ▪ Meaning ▪ Features ▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages ▪ Suitability PARTNERSHIP FIRM ▪ Meaning ▪ Features ▪ Merits ▪ Demerits ▪ Kind of partnership firm ▪ Types of partners ▪ Partnership Deed JOINT HINDU FAMILY BUSINESS ▪ Meaning ▪ Features ▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages JOINT STOCK COMPANY ▪ Meaning ▪ Features ▪ Advantages ▪ Disadvantages ▪ Management ▪ Forms
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rules of obligation are not in themselves sufficient to establish a system of laws that can be formally recognized‚ changed‚ or adjudicated‚ says Hart. It must be combined with secondary rules in order to advance from the pre-legal to the legal stage of determination. A legal system may thus be established by a union of primary and secondary rules Secondary rules are necessary to allow legislators to make changes in the primary rules if the primary rules are found to be defective or inadequate.
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